Safiya
Hozirgi tugallangan zamon: for va since
Oʻtmishda boshlanib, hozir ham davom etayotgan holat qancha vaqtdan beri borligini aytish uchun. A2
Present Perfect + for / since oʻtmishda boshlangan va hozir ham davom etayotgan holat haqida gapiradi: «Toshkentda besh yildan beri yashayman» → I have lived in Tashkent for five years. Yaʼni men hali ham shu yerda yashayman.
Gap have / has + feʼlning 3-shakli (V3) bilan tuziladi: I have known, she has been. Vaqtni ikki xil aytamiz: for — davr, qancha vaqt (for two hours, for ten years); since — boshlanish nuqtasi, qachondan beri (since Monday, since 2020, since I was ten).
Savol uchun How long ishlatiladi: How long have you lived here? — Bu yerda qancha vaqtdan beri yashaysiz?
Shakllar
I / you / we / they + have + V3 + for / since …
he / she / it + has + V3 + for / since …We have lived in Samarkand since 2019.
subject + haven't / hasn't + V3 + for / since …I haven't seen Aziz for two weeks.
How long + have / has + subject + V3?
Have / Has + subject + V3 + for / since …?How long have you known your best friend?
Qachon ishlatiladi
for + davr: qancha vaqtdan beri (for ten minutes, for three days, for a long time)
- She has been ill for three days. — U uch kundan beri kasal.
- We have had this car for ten years. — Bu mashina bizda oʻn yildan beri bor.
since + boshlanish nuqtasi: qachondan beri (since Monday, since 2015, since the morning)
- I have known Malika since primary school. — Malikani boshlangʻich maktabdan beri bilaman.
- He has been in the team since September. — U sentyabrdan beri jamoada.
since + Past Simple zamonidagi gap: since I was a child
- I have liked football since I was six. — Olti yoshimdan beri futbolni yaxshi koʻraman.
- My sister has worked in a bank since she finished university. — Opam universitetni bitirganidan beri bankda ishlaydi.
Inkor: biror ish qancha vaqtdan beri boʻlmagan
- I haven't eaten plov since last Sunday. — Oʻtgan yakshanbadan beri palov yemaganman.
- We haven't had a holiday for two years. — Ikki yildan beri dam olishga bormaganmiz.
Oʻzbek tili bilan farqi
Oʻzbek tilida bu maʼno hozirgi zamon va «-dan beri» bilan aytiladi: «Toshkentda besh yildan beri yashayman». Shuning uchun oʻquvchilar Present Simple ishlatib yuboradi: I live here for five years ✗. Ingliz tilida davr hozirgacha davom etsa, Present Perfect kerak: I have lived here for five years. Yana bir farq: oʻzbekchada bitta «-dan beri» bor, inglizchada esa ikki soʻz — davr uchun for (besh yildan beri), boshlanish nuqtasi uchun since (2020-yildan beri).
Eslatmalar
- Bu tuzilma koʻpincha holat feʼllari bilan keladi: be, have, know, like, live, work. Hozir davom etayotgan harakatlar uchun koʻpincha Present Perfect Continuous ishlatiladi: I have been waiting for an hour (B1 mavzusi).
- since soʻzidan keyingi gap Past Simple zamonida boʻladi: since I was ten (since I am ten emas).
- ago Past Simple bilan keladi, for esa Present Perfect bilan: I came here two years ago → I have been here for two years.
- all day, all my life, all week bilan for kerak emas: I have lived here all my life.
Keng tarqalgan xatolar
- ✗ I live in Tashkent since 2015. ✓ I have lived in Tashkent since 2015.
Hozirgacha davom etayotgan davr uchun Present Perfect kerak. - ✗ I have studied English since three years. ✓ I have studied English for three years.
three years — davr, shuning uchun for. - ✗ She has been here for Monday. ✓ She has been here since Monday.
Monday — boshlanish nuqtasi, shuning uchun since. - ✗ How long do you know him? ✓ How long have you known him?
How long savolida hozirgacha davom etayotgan holat uchun Present Perfect ishlatiladi.
Mini test
1. I have had this phone ___ two years. since / for / from
Javob: for. two years — davr, shuning uchun for.
2. My uncle has worked in Bukhara ___ 2018. for / ago / since
Javob: since. 2018 — boshlanish nuqtasi, shuning uchun since.
3. We ___ each other since we were children. have known / know / knew
Javob: have known. since bilan hozirgacha davom etayotgan holat — Present Perfect.
4. How long ___ at this school? are you / do you be / have you been
Javob: have you been. How long savoli hozirgacha davom etayotgan holat haqida — have you been.
5. I haven't seen my cousin ___ last summer. since / for / ago
Javob: since. last summer — boshlanish nuqtasi, shuning uchun since.
По-русски: Настоящее совершённое время: for и since
Чтобы сказать, как долго длится то, что началось в прошлом и продолжается сейчас.
Present Perfect + for / since говорит о том, что началось в прошлом и продолжается сейчас: «Я живу в Ташкенте пять лет» → I have lived in Tashkent for five years. То есть я и сейчас там живу.
Строится через have / has + третью форму глагола (V3): I have known, she has been. Время указываем двумя способами: for — период, сколько времени (for two hours, for ten years); since — точка начала, с какого момента (since Monday, since 2020, since I was ten).
Для вопроса используется How long: How long have you lived here? — Как долго ты здесь живёшь?
Сравнение с русским и узбекским
В русском здесь используется настоящее время: «Я живу здесь пять лет», «Я знаю его с детства». Отсюда типичные ошибки: I live here for five years, I know him since childhood. В английском, если период тянется до сейчас, нужен Present Perfect: I have lived, I have known. Кроме того, русские «уже пять лет» и «с 2020 года» передаются разными словами: for (период) и since (точка начала). Предлог «с» здесь не from: since 2020, а не from 2020.
Bogʻliq mavzular
- Hozirgi tugallangan zamon: hayotiy tajriba A2
- Hozirgi tugallangan zamon: just, already, yet A2
- Hozirgi tugallangan zamon yoki oʻtgan oddiy zamon B1
- Hozirgi tugallangan davomli zamon B1
Qisqa darslar, 12 ta oʻyin, hikoyalar va oʻzbek yoki rus tilida tushuntiradigan sunʼiy intellekt oʻqituvchisi — A1 dan IELTS gacha. Учите английский с Сафией — на узбекском или русском.