Safiya
Taʼkid uchun boʻlingan gaplar (cleft)
Gapning bir qismiga eʼtibor qaratish, taʼkidlash yoki xatoni toʻgʻrilash uchun. C1
Ingliz tilida soʻz tartibi qatʼiy, shuning uchun biror qismni taʼkidlash uchun gapni ikkiga «boʻlishadi». Bunday gaplar cleft sentences deyiladi. Oddiy gap: Dilnoza found the keys. Taʼkidli gap: It was Dilnoza who found the keys (boshqa hech kim emas, aynan Dilnoza).
Birinchi tur — It-cleft: It + is / was + taʼkidlanadigan qism + that / who + gapning qolgani. Uning yordamida shaxs, narsa, vaqt, joy yoki sababni ajratib koʻrsatish mumkin: It was in Samarkand that we first met.
Ikkinchi tur — What-cleft: What + ega + feʼl + is / was + taʼkidlanadigan qism: What I need is a long holiday. Harakatni taʼkidlash uchun do ishlatiladi: What we did was ask the teacher for help.
Shunga oʻxshash boshlanishlar ham bor: All I want is…, The thing I like most is…, The reason (why) I'm late is that…
Shakllar
It + is / was + focus + that / who + rest of the sentenceIt was my grandmother who taught me to cook plov.
What + subject + verb + is / was + focusWhat I really need is a good night's sleep.
What + subject + do / did + is / was + (to) + verbWhat we did was ask the teacher for more time.
All / The thing / The reason why + clause + is / was + focusThe reason why I'm late is that the metro stopped.
Qachon ishlatiladi
Xatoni toʻgʻrilash yoki qarama-qarshi qoʻyish
- It wasn't Timur who broke the window — it was his cousin. — Derazani Timur emas, uning amakivachchasi sindirgan.
- It was in Samarkand, not Bukhara, that we met. — Biz Buxoroda emas, aynan Samarqandda tanishganmiz.
Eng muhim yoki yangi maʼlumotni gap oxiriga olib, taʼkidlash
- What surprised me most was the size of the bazaar. — Meni eng koʻp hayron qoldirgan narsa — bozorning kattaligi boʻldi.
- What you need to do is practise a little every day. — Sen qilishing kerak boʻlgan narsa — har kuni ozgina mashq qilish.
Sabab, xohish yoki fikrni tushuntirish
- The reason I chose this university is that it has a great library. — Bu universitetni tanlaganimning sababi — uning ajoyib kutubxonasi borligi.
- All I want this weekend is some peace and quiet. — Bu dam olish kunlari xohlaganim — faqat tinchlik va osoyishtalik.
Oʻzbek tili bilan farqi
Oʻzbek tilida taʼkid soʻz tartibi va ohang bilan beriladi: taʼkidlangan soʻz feʼl oldiga qoʻyiladi («Kalitni Dilnoza topdi») yoki «aynan», «-ku», «-gina» kabi soʻzlar qoʻshiladi. Ingliz tilida soʻz tartibini bunday oʻzgartirib boʻlmaydi, shuning uchun gap ikkiga boʻlinadi: It was Dilnoza who… «Menga kerak boʻlgan narsa — dam olish» tuzilmasi inglizcha What I need is a rest gapiga juda oʻxshaydi, lekin oʻzbekcha tirening oʻrnida inglizcha is majburiy. Shuning uchun «What I need a rest» degan xato koʻp uchraydi.
Eslatmalar
- It-cleft tuzilmasida joy va vaqt uchun ham that ishlatiladi: It was in 2020 that we moved («where / when» emas, ayniqsa yozuvda).
- Odamlar uchun who yoki that (which emas), qolgan hammasi uchun odatda that. Oʻtgan voqea haqida odatda It was…, hozirgi holat haqida It is… deyiladi.
- What-cleft tuzilmasida odatda birlikdagi is / was ishlatiladi, hatto taʼkidlanadigan qism koʻplikda boʻlsa ham: What we need is more computers.
- IELTS: Writing boʻlimida What concerns many people is…, It is the government that should… fikrni aniq taʼkidlaydi. Speaking boʻlimida What I like most about my city is… javobni boshlash uchun juda qulay.
Keng tarqalgan xatolar
- ✗ What I need a new phone. ✓ What I need is a new phone.
What-cleft tuzilmasida is / was majburiy. - ✗ It was in Samarkand where I was born. ✓ It was in Samarkand that I was born.
It-cleft tuzilmasida joy uchun ham that ishlatiladi. - ✗ It was my brother which fixed the computer yesterday. ✓ It was my brother who fixed the computer yesterday.
Odam haqida which emas, who yoki that ishlatiladi. - ✗ What I did was I called my mum. ✓ What I did was call my mum.
What … did was qolipidan keyin feʼlning oddiy shakli (yoki to + feʼl) keladi.
Mini test
1. ___ was my sister who found the lost keys. It / This / There
Javob: It. It-cleft faqat It bilan boshlanadi: It was … who; this yoki there bunday ishlatilmaydi.
2. What I love about Tashkent ___ the food. it is / is / that
Javob: is. What-clause ega vazifasida, undan keyin faqat is keladi.
3. It was in 2020 ___ we moved to Samarkand. where / which / that
Javob: that. It-cleft tuzilmasida vaqt uchun ham that ishlatiladi.
4. What he did ___ apologise to everyone. it was / was / that
Javob: was. What + ega + did + was + feʼl.
5. The reason I was late ___ that my bus broke down. was / was why / it was
Javob: was. The reason … was that … — why yoki it qoʻshilmaydi.
По-русски: Расщеплённые предложения (cleft)
Чтобы выделить одну часть предложения, подчеркнуть её или исправить ошибку собеседника.
В английском порядок слов жёсткий, поэтому, чтобы выделить часть предложения, его «расщепляют» на две части. Такие предложения называются cleft sentences. Обычное: Dilnoza found the keys. С выделением: It was Dilnoza who found the keys (именно Дильноза, а не кто-то другой).
Первый тип — It-cleft: It + is / was + выделяемая часть + that / who + остальное. Так можно выделить человека, предмет, время, место или причину: It was in Samarkand that we first met.
Второй тип — What-cleft: What + подлежащее + глагол + is / was + выделяемая часть: What I need is a long holiday. Чтобы выделить действие, используется do: What we did was ask the teacher for help.
Похожие начала: All I want is…, The thing I like most is…, The reason (why) I'm late is that…
Сравнение с русским и узбекским
В русском выделение делается порядком слов и частицами: «Ключи нашла именно Дильноза», «Это Дильноза нашла ключи». Конструкция «Это … нашла» похожа на It was … who, но в английском обязательны is / was и who / that: не «It Dilnoza found», а It was Dilnoza who found. «Что мне нужно, так это отдых» = What I need is a rest — без «так это», просто is. Частая ошибка — which для человека по образцу «который»: нужно It was my brother who (или that) fixed it.
Bogʻliq mavzular
- Taʼkid vositalari C1
- Fronting: gap boʻlagini boshga chiqarish C1
- Ot vazifasidagi ergash gaplar C1
- Inkor ravishlardan keyin inversiya C1
- Aniqlovchi ergash gaplar: who, which, that B1
Qisqa darslar, 12 ta oʻyin, hikoyalar va oʻzbek yoki rus tilida tushuntiradigan sunʼiy intellekt oʻqituvchisi — A1 dan IELTS gacha. Учите английский с Сафией — на узбекском или русском.