Oʻzlashtirma gap: darak gaplar

Boshqa odam nima deganini oʻz soʻzlaringiz bilan yetkazish uchun. B1

Kimdir aytgan gapni oʻz soʻzlarimiz bilan yetkazsak, oʻzlashtirma gap (reported speech) ishlatamiz. Ali: «I'm tired.» → Ali said (that) he was tired.

Agar xabar beruvchi feʼl oʻtgan zamonda boʻlsa (said, told), zamon odatda bir qadam orqaga suriladi: am / is → was, are → were, will → would, can → could, Present Simple → Past Simple, Present Perfect va Past Simple → Past Perfect (Past Simple koʻpincha oʻzgarmasdan ham qoladi).

Olmoshlar va vaqt, joy soʻzlari ham oʻzgaradi: I → he / she, tomorrow → the next day, here → there. that soʻzini tushirib qoldirish mumkin.

say va tell farqiga eʼtibor bering: say something, lekin tell somebody something. She said she was busy. She told me she was busy.

Shakllar

say bilan

subject + said (that) + subject + verb (one tense back)

Aziz said (that) he was tired.

tell bilan

subject + told + person + (that) + subject + verb

My mum told me (that) dinner was ready.

Zamonlar oʻzgarishi

am / is → was, are → were
work → worked, is working → was working
worked / has worked → had worked
will → would, can → could

'I'll call you.' → She said she would call me.

Qachon ishlatiladi

Oʻtmishda aytilgan gap — zamon bir qadam orqaga

'I'm hungry.' → Ali said he was hungry. — «Qornim och.» → Ali qorni ochligini aytdi.
'We're going to Bukhara.' → They said they were going to Bukhara. — «Buxoroga ketyapmiz.» → Ular Buxoroga ketayotganlarini aytishdi.
'I've lost my keys.' → Dad said he had lost his keys. — «Kalitlarimni yoʻqotib qoʻydim.» → Dadam kalitlarini yoʻqotib qoʻyganini aytdi.

Olmoshlar, vaqt va joy soʻzlari ham oʻzgaradi

'I'll see you tomorrow.' → She said she would see me the next day. — «Seni ertaga koʻraman.» → U meni ertasi kuni koʻrishini aytdi.
'I finished my project yesterday.' → Nodira said she had finished her project the day before. — «Loyihamni kecha tugatdim.» → Nodira loyihasini bir kun oldin tugatganini aytdi.

Gap hali ham toʻgʻri boʻlsa yoki feʼl hozirgi zamonda (says) boʻlsa, zamon oʻzgarmasligi mumkin

He said he lives in Tashkent. — U Toshkentda yashashini aytdi.
The teacher says the test is on Friday. — Ustozning aytishicha, test juma kuni boʻladi.
Our teacher told us that water boils at 100 degrees. — Ustozimiz suv 100 darajada qaynashini aytdi.

Oʻzbek tili bilan farqi

Oʻzbek tilida oʻzlashtirma gap feʼlning -gani, -ishi shakllari yoki deb bilan tuziladi: «Ali charchaganini aytdi», «Ali charchadim, dedi». Zamon esa oʻzgarmaydi: «U ertaga kelishini aytdi». Ingliz tilida said shaklidan keyin zamon odatda orqaga suriladi: He said he would come. Yana bir farq: oʻzbekchada «aytdi» bitta feʼl, inglizchada esa ikkita — say (odamsiz) va tell (odam bilan): He told me, lekin He said (to me). Shuning uchun «said me» degan xato koʻp uchraydi.

Eslatmalar

Vaqt va joy soʻzlari: now → then, today → that day, tomorrow → the next day, yesterday → the day before, ago → before, here → there, this → that.
say feʼlidan keyin odam qoʻyilmaydi (said me — xato), kerak boʻlsa said to me deyiladi. tell feʼlidan keyin esa odam shart: told me, told us.
could, would, should, might oʻzgarmaydi. must odatda oʻzgarmaydi yoki uning oʻrniga had to ishlatiladi.
Ogʻzaki nutqda yangi yoki hali ham toʻgʻri maʼlumotda zamon koʻpincha oʻzgarmaydi: She said she's coming. Ikkalasi ham toʻgʻri, lekin imtihonda zamonni surish xavfsizroq.

Keng tarqalgan xatolar

✗ She said me that she was busy. ✓ She told me that she was busy.
say feʼlidan keyin odam qoʻyilmaydi; odam bilan tell ishlatiladi.
✗ Last week Bobur said he will come, but he didn't. ✓ Last week Bobur said he would come, but he didn't.
Gap oʻtmishda aytilgan va voqea oʻtib ketgan — will → would.
✗ Ali told that he was late. ✓ Ali said that he was late.
tell feʼlidan keyin odam kerak; odamsiz boʻlsa say ishlatiladi.
✗ Dilnoza said I am tired. ✓ Dilnoza said she was tired.
Olmosh (I → she) va zamon (am → was) oʻzgaradi.

Mini test

1. Yesterday Kamila said she ___ busy, but today she's free. was / is / has

Javob: was. Kecha aytilgan va endi toʻgʻri emas — zamon orqaga suriladi: is → was.

2. Bobur ___ me that he had a new phone. said / says / told

Javob: told. Odam (me) bilan tell ishlatiladi.

3. 'I'll come tomorrow.' → Last week Malika said she ___ come the next day. will / would / is going

Javob: would. Oʻtmishda yetkazilgan gapda will → would boʻladi.

4. 'We moved here two years ago.' → They said they ___ there two years before. have moved / move / had moved

Javob: had moved. Past Simple oʻzlashtirma gapda Past Perfect boʻladi: had moved.

5. 'I saw your brother yesterday.' → Last month Laylo said she had seen my brother ___. yesterday / the day before / tomorrow

Javob: the day before. Oʻtmishdagi gapni yetkazganda yesterday → the day before.

По-русски: Косвенная речь: утверждения

Чтобы передать своими словами, что сказал другой человек.

Когда мы своими словами передаём чужие слова, используем косвенную речь (reported speech). Ali: «I'm tired.» → Ali said (that) he was tired.

Если глагол сообщения стоит в прошедшем времени (said, told), время обычно сдвигается на шаг назад: am / is → was, are → were, will → would, can → could, Present Simple → Past Simple, Present Perfect и Past Simple → Past Perfect (Past Simple часто можно и не менять).

Меняются также местоимения и слова времени и места: I → he / she, tomorrow → the next day, here → there. Слово that можно опустить.

Различайте say и tell: say something, но tell somebody something. She said she was busy. She told me she was busy.

Сравнение с русским и узбекским

В русской косвенной речи время не меняется: «Он сказал, что устал / что придёт / что живёт в Ташкенте». В английском после said время обычно сдвигается назад: He said he would come (а не will come). Поэтому самая частая ошибка — оставить время как в русском. Кроме того, «сказал мне» — это told me или said to me, но не said me. Перед that в английском не ставится запятая, и само that можно опустить, а русское «что» опустить нельзя.

Bogʻliq mavzular

Ingliz tilini Safiya bilan oʻrganing

Qisqa darslar, 12 ta oʻyin, hikoyalar va oʻzbek yoki rus tilida tushuntiradigan sunʼiy intellekt oʻqituvchisi — A1 dan IELTS gacha. Учите английский с Сафией — на узбекском или русском.

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