Safiya
Should have / shouldn't have: afsus va tanqid
Oʻtmishda toʻgʻri ish qilinmaganidan afsuslanish yoki kimnidir tanqid qilish uchun. B2
Should have + V3 oʻtmishda qilinishi toʻgʻri boʻlgan, lekin qilinmagan ish haqida: I should have studied harder — «koʻproq oʻqishim kerak edi» (lekin oʻqimadim). Shouldn't have + V3 esa aksincha — qilingan, lekin qilinmasligi kerak boʻlgan ish: You shouldn't have told her — «unga aytmasliging kerak edi» (lekin aytding).
Oʻzimiz haqida gapirsak, bu afsus boʻladi; boshqalar haqida gapirsak — tanqid yoki gina. Ought to have + V3 maʼnosi xuddi shunday, faqat rasmiyroq va kamroq ishlatiladi.
Should have birikmasini could have + V3 bilan adashtirmang: could have — «qilsa boʻlardi, imkon bor edi»: You could have asked me! Bu ham gina, lekin yumshoqroq.
Shakllar
should have + V3
(= it was right, but you didn't do it)I should have brought an umbrella.
shouldn't have + V3
(= you did it, but it was wrong)We shouldn't have eaten so much plov.
Should + subject + have + V3?
What should + subject + have + V3?Should I have called you first?
Qachon ishlatiladi
Oʻzimiz haqida afsus
- I should have gone to bed earlier. I'm so tired now. — Ertaroq yotishim kerak edi. Hozir juda charchadim.
- I shouldn't have spent all my money on games. — Hamma pulimni oʻyinlarga sarflamasligim kerak edi.
Boshqalarni tanqid qilish, gina
- You should have told me you were ill. — Kasal ekaningni menga aytishing kerak edi.
- He shouldn't have shouted at his little brother. — U ukasiga baqirmasligi kerak edi.
Kutilgan, lekin boʻlmagan ish
- The bus should have arrived ten minutes ago. — Avtobus oʻn daqiqa oldin kelishi kerak edi.
- My parcel should have been delivered yesterday. — Posilkam kecha yetkazib berilishi kerak edi.
Oʻzbek tili bilan farqi
Oʻzbekchada bu maʼno «-ishim kerak edi» va «-masligim kerak edi» bilan beriladi. Muammo shundaki, «kerak edi» ikki maʼnoli: «Ertalab erta turishim kerak edi» — turdimmi yoki yoʻqmi, kontekst aytadi. Ingliz tilida bu ikki xil: I had to get up early — majbur edim va turdim; I should have got up early — turishim kerak edi, lekin turmadim. Shuning uchun koʻpchilik had to birikmasini afsus uchun ishlatadi yoki «I should got up» deb have soʻzini tashlab ketadi.
Eslatmalar
- Sovgʻa olganda xushmuomala ibora: You shouldn't have! — «Ovora boʻlib nima qilardingiz!» Bu tanqid emas, minnatdorchilik.
- Talaffuzda should have qisqarib, /ˈʃʊdəv/ boʻlib eshitiladi. Yozuvda «should of» — xato.
- Afsusni I wish I had + V3 bilan ham aytish mumkin: I should have listened = I wish I had listened.
- IELTS Speaking boʻlimida «xato qilgan paytingiz» kabi mavzularda: Looking back, I should have asked for help.
Keng tarqalgan xatolar
- ✗ I should study more for the test yesterday. ✓ I should have studied more for the test yesterday.
Oʻtmish haqida afsus: should + have + V3. - ✗ You should have came earlier. ✓ You should have come earlier.
Have soʻzidan keyin V3: come. - ✗ I had to call you yesterday, sorry — I forgot. ✓ I should have called you yesterday, sorry — I forgot.
Had to — majburiyat bajarilgan. Qilinmagan ish uchun should have. - ✗ You shouldn't told him. ✓ You shouldn't have told him.
Have tushib qolmasin: shouldn't have + V3.
Mini test
1. I failed the test. I ___ harder. should study / should have studied / must have studied
Javob: should have studied. Oʻtmishdagi afsus: should have + V3.
2. It was a secret! You ___ it to anyone. shouldn't have told / should have told / shouldn't tell
Javob: shouldn't have told. Aytib qoʻygan — bu xato edi: shouldn't have + V3.
3. The train ___ at 9:00, but it's 9:30 and it still isn't here. must have arrived / should arrive / should have arrived
Javob: should have arrived. Kutilgan, lekin boʻlmagan: should have arrived.
4. We got lost. We ___ a map. should took / should have taken / should has taken
Javob: should have taken. Should + have (oʻzgarmaydi) + V3: taken.
5. Sorry, I ___ so rude to you yesterday. shouldn't have been / shouldn't be / mustn't have been
Javob: shouldn't have been. Kechagi xatodan afsus: shouldn't have been.
По-русски: Should have / shouldn't have: сожаление и упрёк
Чтобы выразить сожаление или упрёк: в прошлом что-то сделали не так.
Should have + V3 говорит о том, что в прошлом было бы правильно сделать, но не сделали: I should have studied harder — «надо было больше заниматься» (а я не занимался). Shouldn't have + V3 — наоборот: сделали то, чего делать не стоило: You shouldn't have told her — «зря ты ей сказал».
О себе это сожаление, о других — упрёк или критика. Ought to have + V3 значит то же самое, но звучит официальнее и встречается реже.
Не путайте с could have + V3 — «мог бы, была возможность»: You could have asked me! Это тоже упрёк, но мягче.
Сравнение с русским и узбекским
По-русски сожаление и упрёк выражают словами «надо было», «следовало», «не стоило», «зря» + инфинитив. Дословный перевод «надо было» как had to — частая ошибка: I had to call you значит «мне пришлось позвонить» (и я позвонил), а сожаление — I should have called you. «Ты должен был мне сказать» — это тоже should have told, хотя «должен» тянет к must. «Зря я это сказал» = I shouldn't have said that. Не забывайте have + V3: в русском прошлое показывает «было», а в английском — have.
Bogʻliq mavzular
- Maslahat: should, ought to, had better B1
- Oʻtmish haqida taxmin: must have, can't have, might have B2
- wish va if only: afsus va istak B2
- Uchinchi tur shartli gap B2
- Needn't have va didn't need to B2
Qisqa darslar, 12 ta oʻyin, hikoyalar va oʻzbek yoki rus tilida tushuntiradigan sunʼiy intellekt oʻqituvchisi — A1 dan IELTS gacha. Учите английский с Сафией — на узбекском или русском.