Safiya
Oʻtmish haqida taxmin: must have, can't have, might have
Oʻtmishda nima boʻlganini aniq bilmay, dalillarga qarab xulosa chiqarish uchun. B2
Baʼzan oʻtmishda nima boʻlganini aniq bilmaymiz, lekin dalillarga qarab xulosa chiqaramiz. Buning uchun modal + have + V3 ishlatiladi. Modal feʼl qanchalik ishonchimiz borligini koʻrsatadi.
must have + V3 — «shunday boʻlgan boʻlsa kerak», deyarli ishonamiz: The streets are wet. It must have rained. can't have / couldn't have + V3 — «boʻlishi mumkin emas»: She can't have seen us — u boshqa tomonga qarab turgan edi.
might have / may have / could have + V3 — «shunday boʻlgan boʻlishi mumkin»: He might have missed the bus. Inkori: might not have / may not have: She may not have heard the phone.
Have soʻzidan keyin har doim V3 keladi, have esa hech qachon has yoki had boʻlmaydi: She must have gone.
Shakllar
must have + V3Dilnoza isn't answering. She must have gone to bed.
can't have / couldn't have + V3He can't have finished the book already — it's 800 pages!
might / may / could have + V3
might not / may not have + V3I can't find my keys. I might have left them at school.
Qachon ishlatiladi
Must have — «shunday boʻlgan boʻlsa kerak», kuchli xulosa
- You must have been tired after the long journey. — Uzoq yoʻldan keyin charchagan boʻlsang kerak.
- The lights are off. They must have left. — Chiroqlar oʻchiq. Ular ketib qolgan boʻlsa kerak.
Can't have / couldn't have — «boʻlishi mumkin emas»
- You can't have seen Jasur at school today — he's in Samarkand. — Bugun maktabda Jasurni koʻrgan boʻlishing mumkin emas — u Samarqandda.
- The test couldn't have been that difficult — everyone passed. — Test unchalik qiyin boʻlgan boʻlishi mumkin emas — hamma oʻtdi.
Might / may / could have — «ehtimol», ishonch kam
- Aziz is late. He might have missed the bus. — Aziz kechikyapti. Avtobusga ulgurmagan boʻlishi mumkin.
- I may not have locked the door — let's go back and check. — Eshikni qulflamagan boʻlishim mumkin — qaytib tekshiraylik.
Oʻzbek tili bilan farqi
Oʻzbek tilida bu maʼno feʼl shakllari bilan beriladi: «ketgan boʻlsa kerak», «koʻrgan boʻlishi mumkin», «koʻrgan boʻlishi mumkin emas», «ketibdi». Maʼnosi mos, lekin oʻzbekchada zamon asosiy feʼlda turadi, shuning uchun «He must went» yoki «She must was tired» deb yozishadi. Inglizchada oʻtmishni have + V3 koʻrsatadi. Yana bir tuzoq: «kerak edi» (majburiyat) bilan «boʻlsa kerak» (taxmin) farqli. «Uy vazifasini qilishim kerak edi» — bu must have emas, should have / had to.
Eslatmalar
- Must have birikmasining inkori — can't have, «mustn't have» emas. Mustn't taqiqni bildiradi.
- Davomli harakat uchun: must / might have been + -ing: She didn't answer — she must have been sleeping.
- Tez gapirganda have qisqarib, /əv/ boʻlib eshitiladi, shuning uchun baʼzilar «must of», «might of» deb yozadi — bu xato. Toʻgʻrisi: must have, might have.
- IELTS Speaking boʻlimida rasm yoki voqea haqida taxmin qilishda, Writing boʻlimida esa ehtiyotkor fikr bildirishda foydali: This may have contributed to the problem.
Keng tarqalgan xatolar
- ✗ He must missed the bus. ✓ He must have missed the bus.
Oʻtmish haqida taxmin: must + have + V3. - ✗ She mustn't have seen us. ✓ She can't have seen us.
Inkor taxmin can't have bilan beriladi; mustn't — taqiq. - ✗ They might have went home. ✓ They might have gone home.
Have soʻzidan keyin V3: gone, went emas. - ✗ I must have done my homework yesterday, but I forgot. ✓ I should have done my homework yesterday, but I forgot.
Must have — taxmin. Qilinmagan majburiyat uchun should have.
Mini test
1. The ground is wet. It ___ in the night. must rain / must have rained / can't have rained
Javob: must have rained. Dalil bor, oʻtmish haqida aniq xulosa: must have + V3.
2. You ___ Lola at the bazaar — she's in London this week. can't have seen / must have seen / mustn't have seen
Javob: can't have seen. Boʻlishi mumkin emas — can't have + V3.
3. I'm not sure where Kamola is. She ___ to the library. can't have gone / must have gone / might have gone
Javob: might have gone. Aniq bilmaymiz — ehtimol: might have + V3.
4. He looks really happy. He ___ his exams. must have passed / can't have passed / must pass
Javob: must have passed. Xursandligi — dalil, kuchli xulosa: must have passed.
5. You ___ the whole book in an hour — it's 500 pages long! must have read / can't have read / might have read
Javob: can't have read. Bir soatda 500 bet — boʻlishi mumkin emas: can't have.
По-русски: Предположения о прошлом: must have, can't have, might have
Чтобы делать выводы о прошлом, когда мы не знаем точно, но видим признаки.
Иногда мы не знаем точно, что произошло в прошлом, но делаем вывод по признакам. Для этого используется модальный глагол + have + V3. Модальный глагол показывает, насколько мы уверены.
must have + V3 — «наверняка так и было»: The streets are wet. It must have rained. can't have / couldn't have + V3 — «не может быть, чтобы…»: She can't have seen us — она смотрела в другую сторону.
might have / may have / could have + V3 — «возможно, так было»: He might have missed the bus. Отрицание: might not have / may not have: She may not have heard the phone.
После have всегда идёт V3, а сам have никогда не меняется на has или had: She must have gone.
Сравнение с русским и узбекским
В русском уверенность передают вводными словами: «должно быть», «наверное», «возможно», «не может быть, чтобы» + прошедшее время: «Он, должно быть, ушёл». Отсюда ошибки «He must went» или «Maybe he missed» вместо must have / might have gone. Осторожно с «должен был»: «Он должен был прийти» — это ожидание или обязанность (He was supposed to come / should have come), а He must have come — «он наверняка пришёл». И «не мог» тоже двузначно: He couldn't see us — не имел возможности видеть; He couldn't have seen us — не может быть, чтобы видел.
Bogʻliq mavzular
- Taxmin: must va can't B1
- May, might, could: ehtimollik B1
- Should have / shouldn't have: afsus va tanqid B2
- Modal feʼllar: ilgʻor maʼnolar C1
- Ehtiyotkor ifodalar (hedging) C1
Qisqa darslar, 12 ta oʻyin, hikoyalar va oʻzbek yoki rus tilida tushuntiradigan sunʼiy intellekt oʻqituvchisi — A1 dan IELTS gacha. Учите английский с Сафией — на узбекском или русском.