Safiya
Murakkab sifatdosh iboralar: Having…, Being…
Bir ish boshqasidan oldin tugaganini yoki egaga nisbatan qilinganini ixcham aytish uchun. C1
B2 darajada siz oddiy participle clauses bilan tanishgansiz: Feeling tired, I went to bed. C1 darajada ularning yana uchta shakli kerak boʻladi.
Having + V3 — birinchi ish ikkinchisidan oldin toʻliq tugaganini koʻrsatadi: Having finished my homework, I went out (avval vazifani tugatdim, keyin chiqdim). Bu ayniqsa birinchi ish uzoq davom etganda yoki sabab boʻlganda foydali.
Being + V3 — majhul maʼno: ish egaga nisbatan qilinadi, koʻpincha bir vaqtda yoki sabab sifatida: Being asked to speak first, I felt nervous. Having been + V3 — majhul va oldinroq: Having been warned about the traffic, we left early.
Faqat V3 ham majhul maʼnoni beradi: Built in the 15th century, the madrasah is still in good condition. Eng muhim qoida: bu iboraning egasi bosh gapning egasi bilan bir xil boʻlishi shart.
Shakllar
Having + V3 …, main clauseHaving finished her exams, Malika went to Samarkand with her friends.
Being + V3 …, main clauseBeing asked to speak first, I felt very nervous.
Having been + V3 …, main clauseHaving been warned about the traffic, we left home early.
V3 …, main clause
Not + having / being + …, main clauseBuilt in the 15th century, Ulugh Beg Madrasah is still in good condition.
Qachon ishlatiladi
Bir ish boshqasidan oldin tugagan (Having + V3)
- Having lived in London for two years, Sardor speaks fluent English. — Londonda ikki yil yashagani uchun Sardor ingliz tilida ravon gapiradi.
- Having saved enough money, she bought a new laptop. — Yetarlicha pul yigʻib, u yangi noutbuk sotib oldi.
Majhul maʼno: ish egaga nisbatan qilingan (Being / Having been + V3)
- Being watched by the whole class, I couldn't concentrate. — Butun sinf menga qarab turgani uchun diqqatimni jamlay olmadim.
- Having been chosen as team captain, Jasur felt very proud. — Jamoa sardori etib saylangach, Jasur oʻzidan juda faxrlandi.
Rasmiy yozuvda sabab yoki fonni ixcham berish
- Not having read the instructions, I made several mistakes. — Yoʻriqnomani oʻqimaganim uchun bir nechta xato qildim.
- Written in simple language, the book is ideal for beginners. — Oddiy tilda yozilgani uchun bu kitob boshlovchilar uchun juda mos.
Oʻzbek tili bilan farqi
Oʻzbek tilida bu maʼno ravishdosh bilan beriladi: «Vazifani tugatib, koʻchaga chiqdim», «Ogohlantirilgach, erta chiqdik». Ravishdosh oʻzbek tilida juda tabiiy, shuning uchun bu mavzu tushunarli. Farqi: oʻzbek tilida ravishdoshning egasi boshqa boʻlishi mumkin («Qor yogʻib, yoʻllar yopildi»), ingliz tilida esa ega bir xil boʻlishi shart. Yana ikki xato: «Having went» (V3 oʻrniga V2) va majhulni unutish: Having told = men aytdim, Having been told = menga aytishdi.
Eslatmalar
- Ega bir xil boʻlishi shart. «Having finished dinner, the dishes were washed» — xato (idishlar kechki ovqatni tugatmagan). Toʻgʻri: Having finished dinner, we washed the dishes.
- Inkor: not sifatdosh oldidan keladi: Not having slept well, I was tired. «Having not» ham uchraydi, lekin «Not having» keng tarqalgan.
- Ikki ish ketma-ket va qisqa boʻlsa, oddiy -ing yetarli: Opening the door, she saw her friend. Having + V3 birinchi ish aniq tugaganini taʼkidlash kerak boʻlganda ishlatiladi.
- IELTS Writing: Having considered both sides, I believe… xulosani chiroyli boshlaydi. Bu iboralar matnni ixcham qiladi, lekin bir paragrafda bittadan koʻp ishlatmang.
Keng tarqalgan xatolar
- ✗ Having finished the test, the teacher collected our papers. ✓ Having finished the test, we gave our papers to the teacher.
Testni biz tugatdik, shuning uchun bosh gapning egasi ham biz boʻlishi kerak. - ✗ Having went to bed late, I overslept. ✓ Having gone to bed late, I overslept.
Having soʻzidan keyin V3 keladi: gone, went emas. - ✗ Having told about the change, we went to the other room. ✓ Having been told about the change, we went to the other room.
Bizga aytishgan — majhul maʼno, shuning uchun Having been + V3. - ✗ Having not enough money, he couldn't buy the ticket. ✓ Not having enough money, he couldn't buy the ticket.
Inkorda not sifatdosh oldidan keladi.
Mini test
1. ___ my homework, I went to play football. Finished / Having finish / Having finished
Javob: Having finished. Oldin tugagan ish: Having + V3.
2. ___ to answer first, Dilshod felt nervous. Asking / Being asked / Having asked
Javob: Being asked. Undan soʻrashdi — majhul maʼno: Being + V3.
3. ___ about the delay, we stayed at home. Having told / Telling / Having been told
Javob: Having been told. Bizga oldin aytishgan — majhul va oldin: Having been + V3.
4. ___ in simple English, this book is perfect for beginners. Written / Writing / Having written
Javob: Written. Kitob yozilgan (majhul), shuning uchun V3.
5. Having missed the bus, ___. the walk to school took an hour / I had to walk to school / my school seemed very far
Javob: I had to walk to school. Avtobusga kim kech qoldi? Men — shuning uchun ega I boʻlishi kerak.
По-русски: Перфектные и пассивные причастные обороты
Чтобы кратко сказать, что одно действие закончилось раньше другого или было совершено над подлежащим.
На уровне B2 вы познакомились с простыми причастными оборотами: Feeling tired, I went to bed. На C1 нужны ещё три формы.
Having + V3 показывает, что первое действие полностью закончилось до второго: Having finished my homework, I went out (сначала закончил, потом вышел). Особенно полезно, когда первое действие было долгим или стало причиной.
Being + V3 — пассивное значение: действие совершается над подлежащим, обычно одновременно или как причина: Being asked to speak first, I felt nervous. Having been + V3 — пассив и действие раньше: Having been warned about the traffic, we left early.
Одна V3 тоже даёт пассивное значение: Built in the 15th century, the madrasah is still in good condition. Главное правило: подлежащее оборота должно совпадать с подлежащим главного предложения.
Сравнение с русским и узбекским
В русском есть прямые аналоги: деепричастие совершенного вида («Закончив задание, я вышел») = Having finished, а страдательное причастие («Построенное в XV веке медресе…») = Built in the 15th century. Это сильно помогает. Различие: у русского деепричастия почти нет страдательной формы (книжное «будучи приглашённым» редкость), поэтому Being asked / Having been told переводят придаточным («Когда меня спросили…») и часто путают с активной формой: «Having told about the change» вместо Having been told.
Bogʻliq mavzular
- Sifatdosh iboralar B2
- Qisqartirilgan nisbiy gaplar C1
- Majhul nisbatdagi infinitiv va -ing shakli C1
- Majhul nisbat: barcha zamonlar va modallar B2
Qisqa darslar, 12 ta oʻyin, hikoyalar va oʻzbek yoki rus tilida tushuntiradigan sunʼiy intellekt oʻqituvchisi — A1 dan IELTS gacha. Учите английский с Сафией — на узбекском или русском.