Safiya
Majhul nisbatdagi infinitiv va -ing shakli
Ish egaga nisbatan bajarilganda, infinitiv yoki -ing kerak boʻlgan joyda ishlatiladi. C1
Agar gapning egasi ishni oʻzi bajarmasa, balki ish unga nisbatan bajarilsa, va feʼl infinitiv yoki -ing shaklida tursa, passiv infinitiv yoki passiv -ing kerak boʻladi: I want to be invited (taklif qilinishni xohlayman), I hate being interrupted (gapimni boʻlishlarini yomon koʻraman).
Passiv infinitiv: to be + V3 (modal feʼldan keyin to soʻzisiz: must be done). U want, expect, hope, need, deserve, seem kabi to talab qiladigan feʼllardan keyin keladi.
Passiv -ing: being + V3. U enjoy, avoid, hate, mind kabi -ing talab qiladigan feʼllardan va predloglardan (without, after, of) keyin keladi: He left without being noticed.
Oldinroq boʻlgan ish uchun perfect shakllar bor: to have been + V3 va having been + V3: The city walls are believed to have been built in the 10th century.
Shakllar
verb + to be + past participle
modal + be + past participleEveryone wants to be listened to.
verb / preposition + being + past participleI don't like being interrupted.
to have been + past participle
having been + past participleHe was lucky to have been chosen for the team.
Qachon ishlatiladi
To talab qiladigan feʼllardan va modal feʼllardan keyin: want, expect, hope, need, deserve, must
- She expects to be picked for the national team. — U terma jamoaga tanlanishini kutyapti.
- Our project deserves to be seen by more people. — Loyihamiz koʻproq odamlar koʻrishiga loyiq.
- The homework must be handed in by Friday. — Uy vazifasi jumagacha topshirilishi kerak.
-ing talab qiladigan feʼllar va predloglardan keyin
- Nobody enjoys being laughed at. — Hech kim ustidan kulishlarini yoqtirmaydi.
- He got into the stadium without being noticed. — U stadionga hech kimga sezdirmay kirib oldi.
- I'm tired of being asked the same question. — Bir xil savolni soʻrayverishlaridan charchadim.
Perfect shakllar — oldinroq boʻlgan ish uchun
- The city walls are believed to have been built in the 10th century. — Shahar devorlari 10-asrda qurilgan deb hisoblanadi.
- Having been warned about the heat, we took plenty of water. — Issiq haqida ogohlantirilganimiz uchun koʻp suv olib oldik.
- She denied having been told about the test. — U test haqida oʻziga oldindan aytilganini inkor qildi.
Gap boshida ega sifatida
- Being chosen as captain was the best moment of my year. — Sardor etib tanlanish — yilimning eng yaxshi lahzasi boʻldi.
- To be invited to the final is a real honour. — Finalga taklif qilinish — chinakam sharaf.
Oʻzbek tili bilan farqi
Oʻzbek tilida passiv feʼl ichida -il / -in qoʻshimchasi bilan yasaladi va harakat nomiga oson qoʻshiladi: «taklif qilinishni xohlayman», «maqtalishni yaxshi koʻraman», «bajarilishi kerak». Inglizchada esa buning uchun alohida soʻzlar kerak: to be invited, being praised, must be done. Oʻquvchilar ularni tashlab ketib, «I want to invite to the party» deyishadi — bu «men kimnidir taklif qilmoqchiman» degan boshqa maʼno! «Bajarilishi kerak» tarjimasida ham be tushib qoladi: «must done» emas, must be done.
Eslatmalar
- Need + -ing passiv maʼno beradi: My phone needs charging = needs to be charged. (Want + -ing ham shunday, lekin bu norasmiy britancha.)
- Easy, hard, difficult, nice kabi sifatlardan keyin oddiy (aktiv) infinitiv ishlatiladi, maʼno passiv boʻlsa ham: This question is hard to answer — «hard to be answered» emas.
- Predlogli feʼllarda predlog oxirida qoladi: to be listened to, being laughed at, to be taken care of.
- IELTS: «… is expected to be completed by 2030», «This issue needs to be addressed», «… to avoid being criticised» — rasmiy, shaxssiz uslub Writing Task 1 (jarayonlar) va Task 2 uchun juda foydali.
Keng tarqalgan xatolar
- ✗ I want to invite to her birthday party. ✓ I want to be invited to her birthday party.
Taklifni sizga qilishlarini xohlasangiz — passiv kerak: to be invited. - ✗ This work must done by Friday. ✓ This work must be done by Friday.
Modal feʼldan keyin passivda be + V3 keladi. - ✗ I hate being laughed. ✓ I hate being laughed at.
Laugh at predlogli feʼl, predlog passivda ham qoladi. - ✗ This text is difficult to be understood. ✓ This text is difficult to understand.
Difficult, easy kabi sifatlardan keyin aktiv infinitiv keladi.
Mini test
1. Everyone wants ___ by their friends. to respect / to be respected / being respect
Javob: to be respected. Hurmatni egaga nisbatan qilishadi, want feʼlidan keyin — to be + V3.
2. He got into the concert without ___ by the guards. being seen / seeing / to be seen
Javob: being seen. Predlogdan keyin -ing, maʼno passiv — being seen.
3. My bike needs ___ — the brakes don't work. to repair / be repaired / repairing
Javob: repairing. Need + -ing passiv maʼno beradi: needs repairing = needs to be repaired.
4. The bridge is believed ___ in the 19th century. to have been built / to be built / having built
Javob: to have been built. Oʻtmishdagi ish va passiv — to have been + V3.
5. I'm tired of ___ what to do all the time! telling / being told / be told
Javob: being told. Of predlogidan keyin -ing; menga aytishadi — being told.
По-русски: Пассивный инфинитив и пассивный герундий
Когда действие направлено на подлежащее, а нужен инфинитив или -ing-форма.
Если подлежащее не само совершает действие, а действие направлено на него, и глагол стоит в форме инфинитива или -ing, нужен пассивный инфинитив или пассивная -ing-форма: I want to be invited (хочу, чтобы меня пригласили), I hate being interrupted (терпеть не могу, когда меня перебивают).
Пассивный инфинитив: to be + V3 (после модальных глаголов без to: must be done). Он идёт после глаголов, требующих to: want, expect, hope, need, deserve, seem.
Пассивная -ing-форма: being + V3. Она идёт после глаголов, требующих -ing (enjoy, avoid, hate, mind), и после предлогов (without, after, of): He left without being noticed.
Для более раннего действия есть перфектные формы: to have been + V3 и having been + V3: The city walls are believed to have been built in the 10th century.
Сравнение с русским и узбекским
В русском пассивный инфинитив встречается редко; обычно говорят придаточным с безличным «они»: «Хочу, чтобы меня пригласили», «Не люблю, когда меня перебивают». Отсюда громоздкие кальки «I want that they invite me» и «I don't like when people interrupt me». По-английски это одно короткое сочетание: I want to be invited, I don't like being interrupted. И помните, что «должно быть сделано» — must be done: глагол be пропускать нельзя.
Bogʻliq mavzular
- Majhul nisbat: barcha zamonlar va modallar B2
- Feʼl + to yoki -ing A2
- -ing shakli: ega sifatida va predlogdan keyin B1
- Shaxssiz majhul tuzilmalar: It is said that… C1
- Have / get something done: ishni birovga qildirish B2
Qisqa darslar, 12 ta oʻyin, hikoyalar va oʻzbek yoki rus tilida tushuntiradigan sunʼiy intellekt oʻqituvchisi — A1 dan IELTS gacha. Учите английский с Сафией — на узбекском или русском.