Majhul nisbat: barcha zamonlar va modallar

Ishni kim qilgani emas, ishning oʻzi muhim boʻlganda — istalgan zamonda va modal feʼllar bilan. B2

Passiv (majhul nisbat) diqqatni ishni bajargan odamdan ishning oʻziga yoki u bilan nima boʻlganiga oʻtkazadi: The bridge is being repaired — kim taʼmirlayotgani muhim emas. Bajaruvchini aytish kerak boʻlsa, by ishlatiladi.

Passiv formulasi doim bitta: be + past participle (V3). Zamonni faqat be koʻrsatadi, asosiy feʼl esa doim V3 boʻlib qoladi: is built, was built, has been built, will be built.

Davomli zamonlarda be feʼlining oʻzi ham -ing oladi: is being cleaned, was being cleaned. Modal feʼllardan keyin be + V3 keladi: can be done, must be finished. Oʻtmish haqida gapirsak — modal + have been + V3: It should have been sent yesterday.

Shakllar

Zamonlar
am / is / are (being) + V3
was / were (being) + V3
has / have / had been + V3
will be + V3

Our school has been painted, and the gym is being repaired.

Modallar
can / must / should / might + be + V3
modal + have been + V3 (past)

Phones must be switched off. The letter should have been sent yesterday.

Inkor va savol
subject + be + not + V3
(Wh-) + be + subject + V3?
Has / Will + subject + been / be + V3?

The results haven't been announced yet. When will they be announced?

Qachon ishlatiladi

Bajaruvchi nomaʼlum, aniq yoki muhim emas

Yangiliklar, qoidalar va jarayonlar — rasmiy va yozma nutq

Mavzuni gap boshida saqlash; yangi maʼlumot by bilan oxirida

Oʻzbek tili bilan farqi

Oʻzbek tilida ham majhul nisbat bor: quriladi, qurildi, taʼmirlanyapti — shuning uchun gʻoya tanish. Farqi shundaki, oʻzbekchada -il / -in qoʻshimchasi va zamon bitta feʼlga qoʻshiladi, inglizchada esa ikki qism bor: zamonni be koʻrsatadi, asosiy feʼl V3 boʻladi. Natijada be tushib qoladi («The house built in 1990») yoki davomli zamonda being unutiladi. Yana bir farq: oʻzbekchada koʻpincha «-ishdi» bilan shaxssiz gapiramiz (oʻgʻirlab ketishdi), inglizchada esa bunday joyda odatda passiv ishlatiladi: My bike was stolen. «Tomonidan» soʻzlashuvda kam, lekin inglizcha by juda oddiy.

Eslatmalar

Keng tarqalgan xatolar

Mini test

1. The exam results ___ next week. will announce / will be announced / will be announcing

Javob: will be announced. Natijalarni kimdir eʼlon qiladi — passiv: will be + V3.

2. Sorry, you can't use this room. It ___ at the moment. is cleaning / is cleaned / is being cleaned

Javob: is being cleaned. Hozir jarayonda — davomli passiv: is being + V3.

3. All the seats ___ already. We're too late! have been booked / have booked / were being booked

Javob: have been booked. Already — Present Perfect; joylarni kimdir band qilgan — passiv: have been booked.

4. This form must ___ in black ink. complete / be completed / been completed

Javob: be completed. Modal + be + V3: must be completed.

5. The film was great. It ___ by a young director from Tashkent. was made / made / has made

Javob: was made. Filmni rejissyor yaratgan; by bor — passiv: was made.

По-русски: Страдательный залог: все времена и модальные глаголы

Когда важно само действие, а не тот, кто его совершает, — в любом времени и с модальными глаголами.

Пассив переносит внимание с того, кто действует, на само действие или на то, что произошло с предметом: The bridge is being repaired — кто ремонтирует, неважно. Если нужно назвать исполнителя, используют by.

Формула пассива всегда одна: be + past participle (V3). Время показывает только be, а смысловой глагол всегда остаётся в форме V3: is built, was built, has been built, will be built.

В длительных временах be сам получает -ing: is being cleaned, was being cleaned. После модальных глаголов идёт be + V3: can be done, must be finished. О прошлом — модальный + have been + V3: It should have been sent yesterday.

Сравнение с русским и узбекским

Пассив в русском есть («построен», «строится», «был построен»), но в разговоре мы чаще говорим неопределённо-лично: «дом строят», «мне сказали». В английском в таких случаях обычно пассив: The house is being built, I was told. Главная ловушка — возвратные глаголы на -ся: «дом строится» хочется перевести как «The house is building», а нужно is being built. К тому же русский различает вид, а английский — ещё и длительность и перфект, поэтому форму нужно выбирать точно: is being built (строится сейчас), has been built (уже построен), was built (был построен), will be built. Глаголы вроде «случиться» пассива не имеют: «was happened» — ошибка.

Bogʻliq mavzular

Ingliz tilini Safiya bilan oʻrganing

Qisqa darslar, 12 ta oʻyin, hikoyalar va oʻzbek yoki rus tilida tushuntiradigan sunʼiy intellekt oʻqituvchisi — A1 dan IELTS gacha. Учите английский с Сафией — на узбекском или русском.

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