Qisqartirilgan nisbiy gaplar

who / which / that bilan boshlanadigan gapni sifatdosh yoki infinitiv bilan qisqartirib, ixcham yozish uchun. C1

Nisbiy gaplarni (who, which, that) koʻpincha qisqartirish mumkin. Bunda who / which / that va feʼl oʻrniga sifatdosh ishlatiladi, gap esa ixcham va tabiiy boʻladi: the boy who is sitting next to me → the boy sitting next to me.

Faol maʼno — -ing: the students who live in the dormitory → the students living in the dormitory. Majhul maʼno — V3: the clothes that are sold at the bazaar → the clothes sold at the bazaar.

Infinitiv — the first, the last, the only, the next va orttirma darajadan keyin: She was the first student to finish the test. He's the youngest player to score in a final.

Baʼzan faqat sifat yoki predlogli ibora qoladi: a box full of old photos, the girl in the red dress. Vergulli (non-defining) gaplar ham shunday qisqaradi: Samarkand, located on the Silk Road, attracts many tourists.

Shakllar

Faol: -ing

noun + verb-ing … (= who / which + active verb)

The boy sitting next to me is from Bukhara.

Majhul: V3

noun + V3 … (= who / which + be + V3)

Most of the clothes sold at the bazaar are made locally.

Infinitiv

the first / last / only / next + noun + to + verb
superlative + noun + to + verb

She was the first student to finish the test.

Sifat va predlog

noun + adjective phrase
noun + prepositional phrase

I found a box full of old photos in the cupboard.

Qachon ishlatiladi

Odam yoki narsani hozir yoki odatda nima qilayotgani orqali tasvirlash (-ing)

The woman talking to the teacher is my mum. — Oʻqituvchi bilan gaplashayotgan ayol — mening onam.
Students wishing to join the chess club should sign up by Friday. — Shaxmat toʻgaragiga qoʻshilmoqchi boʻlgan oʻquvchilar jumagacha roʻyxatdan oʻtishi kerak.

Narsa yoki odamga nisbatan qilingan ish (V3)

The poems written by Alisher Navoi are still popular today. — Alisher Navoiy yozgan sheʼrlar bugun ham mashhur.
The book recommended by our teacher is really interesting. — Oʻqituvchimiz tavsiya qilgan kitob juda qiziqarli.

The first, the last, the only va orttirma darajadan keyin (to + feʼl)

Yuri Gagarin was the first person to travel into space. — Yuriy Gagarin koinotga uchgan birinchi inson edi.
She is the only girl in our class to get full marks. — U sinfimizda eng yuqori ball olgan yagona qiz.

Oʻzbek tili bilan farqi

Oʻzbek tilida bu juda tabiiy tuzilma, lekin tartibi teskari: sifatdoshli aniqlovchi otdan oldin keladi: «yonimda oʻtirgan bola», «bozorda sotiladigan kiyimlar». Ingliz tilida esa uzun aniqlovchi otdan keyin turadi: the boy sitting next to me. Shuning uchun «the sitting next to me boy» kabi xatolar uchraydi. Yana: oʻzbekcha «-gan» ham hozirgi, ham oʻtgan holatni bildiradi, inglizchada esa tanlash kerak: hozir — -ing, majhul — V3, bir marta oʻtgan ish — who + Past Simple. «Birinchi kelgan odam» = the first person to arrive.

Eslatmalar

-ing oʻtmishda bir marta tugagan ish uchun ishlatilmaydi: The man who called you yesterday («calling» emas). Lekin doimiy holat uchun mumkin: people living in Tashkent.
Faqat who / which / that ega boʻlgan gaplar shunday qisqaradi. Toʻldiruvchi boʻlsa, shunchaki olmosh tushib qoladi: the book (that) I read.
Faol va majhulni farqlang: the students organising the concert (ular tashkil qilyapti) va the concert organised by students (konsertni tashkil qilishgan).
IELTS Writing Task 1: the number of people living in cities, the amount of energy produced by… — grafik tasvirlashda juda kerakli iboralar.

Keng tarqalgan xatolar

✗ The man calling you yesterday was my uncle. ✓ The man who called you yesterday was my uncle.
Oʻtmishda bir marta tugagan ish uchun -ing emas, who + Past Simple.
✗ The poems writing by Alisher Navoi are famous. ✓ The poems written by Alisher Navoi are famous.
Sheʼrlar yozilgan — majhul maʼno, shuning uchun V3.
✗ She was the first student finished the test. ✓ She was the first student to finish the test.
the first iborasidan keyin to + feʼl ishlatiladi.
✗ The people are living next door are very friendly. ✓ The people living next door are very friendly.
Qisqartirganda who bilan birga are ham tushib qoladi.

Mini test

1. The girl ___ to the teacher is my cousin. talks / talking / talked

Javob: talking. Hozir davom etayotgan faol ish: -ing.

2. Most of the fruit ___ at the bazaar comes from local farms. sold / selling / is sold

Javob: sold. Mevalar sotiladi — majhul maʼno: V3.

3. Neil Armstrong was the first person ___ on the Moon. walking / walked / to walk

Javob: to walk. the first iborasidan keyin to + feʼl.

4. The student ___ the window yesterday has apologised. who broke / breaking / broken

Javob: who broke. Kecha bir marta boʻlgan ish — who + Past Simple, -ing emas.

5. Anyone ___ to join the chess club should talk to Mr Karimov. wishes / wishing / wished

Javob: wishing. who wishes → wishing (faol maʼno).

По-русски: Сокращённые определительные придаточные

Чтобы сократить придаточное с who / which / that до причастия или инфинитива и писать компактнее.

Определительные придаточные (who, which, that) часто можно сократить. Вместо who / which / that и глагола используется причастие, и предложение становится компактнее и естественнее: the boy who is sitting next to me → the boy sitting next to me.

Активное значение — -ing: the students who live in the dormitory → the students living in the dormitory. Пассивное значение — V3: the clothes that are sold at the bazaar → the clothes sold at the bazaar.

Инфинитив — после the first, the last, the only, the next и превосходной степени: She was the first student to finish the test. He's the youngest player to score in a final.

Иногда остаётся только прилагательное или предложная группа: a box full of old photos, the girl in the red dress. Обособленные (non-defining) придаточные сокращаются так же: Samarkand, located on the Silk Road, attracts many tourists.

Сравнение с русским и узбекским

В русском это причастные обороты: «мальчик, сидящий рядом со мной» = the boy sitting next to me; «одежда, продаваемая на базаре» = the clothes sold at the bazaar. Сходство большое. Различия: в русском оборот может стоять и перед существительным («сидящий рядом мальчик»), в английском длинный оборот — только после. Русское причастие прошедшего времени («позвонивший вчера человек») нельзя передать через -ing — нужно who called. «Первый, кто пришёл» естественнее сказать the first to arrive.

Bogʻliq mavzular

Ingliz tilini Safiya bilan oʻrganing

Qisqa darslar, 12 ta oʻyin, hikoyalar va oʻzbek yoki rus tilida tushuntiradigan sunʼiy intellekt oʻqituvchisi — A1 dan IELTS gacha. Учите английский с Сафией — на узбекском или русском.

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