Murakkab qiyoslash: farqning darajasi

Ikki narsa orasidagi farq qanchalik katta yoki kichik ekanini aniq aytish uchun. C1

Oldingi darajalarda siz bigger, more interesting kabi qiyosiy shakllarni oʻrgandingiz. C1 darajada muhimi — farq qanchalik katta ekanini aniq aytish: The bus is much cheaper, The train is slightly faster, My phone is nowhere near as fast as yours.

Katta farq uchun qiyosiy shakldan oldin much, far, a lot, a great deal, considerably, significantly qoʻyiladi. Kichik farq uchun — slightly, marginally, a little, a bit. Very qiyosiy shakl bilan ishlatilmaydi: «very bigger» emas, much bigger.

As … as qolipini ham aniqlashtirish mumkin: just as / every bit as (xuddi shunday), almost / nearly as (deyarli), twice / three times as (ikki, uch barobar), not nearly / nowhere near / nothing like as (unga yaqin ham emas). Orttirma daraja oldidan esa by far yoki easily keladi: by far the best.

Bu vositalar IELTS Writing Task 1 topshirigʻida grafiklarni tasvirlashda juda kerak: significantly higher, slightly lower, twice as many.

Shakllar

Farqning kattaligi

much / far / a great deal / considerably + comparative (+ than)
slightly / marginally / a bit + comparative (+ than)

The new stadium is considerably bigger than the old one.

As … as bilan

just / every bit / almost / twice + as + adjective + as
not nearly / nowhere near / nothing like + as + adjective + as

My phone is nowhere near as fast as yours.

Orttirma daraja bilan

by far / easily + the + superlative
the + superlative + by far
the second / third + superlative

Plov is by far the most popular dish in Uzbekistan.

Qachon ishlatiladi

Katta farq: much, far, a great deal, considerably, significantly

Life in Tashkent is far more expensive than in a village. — Toshkentda yashash qishloqdagidan ancha qimmat.
The second test was a great deal harder. — Ikkinchi test ancha qiyinroq edi.
Online shopping has become significantly more popular. — Onlayn xarid sezilarli darajada ommaviyroq boʻldi.

Kichik farq: slightly, marginally, a little, a bit

This year's results are slightly better than last year's. — Bu yilgi natijalar oʻtgan yilgidan biroz yaxshiroq.
The red jacket is marginally cheaper, but I prefer the blue one. — Qizil kurtka salgina arzonroq, lekin menga koʻki koʻproq yoqadi.

«Unga yaqin ham emas»: nowhere near, not nearly, nothing like + as … as

The film was nowhere near as good as the book. — Film kitobchalik yaxshi emas edi — unga yaqin ham kelolmasdi.
I'm not nearly as fit as I was last year. — Jismoniy formam oʻtgan yilgiga qaraganda ancha past.

Orttirma va tenglikni kuchaytirish: by far, easily, every bit as

This is easily the hardest exam of the year. — Bu, shubhasiz, yilning eng qiyin imtihoni.
She is every bit as talented as her older sister. — U opasidan zarracha ham kam isteʼdodli emas.

Oʻzbek tili bilan farqi

Oʻzbek tilida qiyosiy daraja -roq va -dan bilan yasaladi: «undan ancha baland». Farqni ancha, sal, biroz, juda soʻzlari bildiradi. Muammo shundaki, «juda» avtomatik very deb tarjima qilinib, «very taller» chiqadi — qiyosiy shakl bilan much yoki far kerak. «Sendek tez emas» kabi gaplar as … as qolipiga mos keladi, lekin «-dek» qoʻshimchasini like deb tarjima qilib «not so fast like you» deyish xato: not as fast as you. «Hammasidan ham yaxshi» degan kuchaytirish inglizchada by far the best boʻladi.

Eslatmalar

Sanaladigan otlar bilan many more yoki far more, sanalmaydigan otlar bilan much more: many more students, much more time. Kamroq uchun: far fewer people, much less money.
By far the artiklidan oldin yoki gap oxirida turadi: by far the best yoki the best by far — «the by far best» emas.
Uslub: considerably, significantly, marginally — rasmiy, insho uchun; a lot, a bit, way (way better) — ogʻzaki nutq uchun. Way faqat norasmiy gapda ishlatiladi.
IELTS Task 1: «twice as many … as», «three times higher than», «the second largest», «slightly lower» kabi birikmalar raqamlarni aniq va xilma-xil taqqoslashga yordam beradi.

Keng tarqalgan xatolar

✗ This exam was very harder than the last one. ✓ This exam was much harder than the last one.
Qiyosiy shakldan oldin very emas, much yoki far ishlatiladi.
✗ My brother is far not as tall as me. ✓ My brother is nowhere near as tall as me.
«Far not» degan birikma yoʻq; nowhere near yoki not nearly deyiladi.
✗ It's the by far best café in town. ✓ It's by far the best café in town.
By far the artiklidan oldin keladi.
✗ There were much more people than last year. ✓ There were many more people than last year.
People sanaladigan ot, shuning uchun many more yoki far more.

Mini test

1. The new laptop is ___ faster than the old one — there's no comparison. very / far / more

Javob: far. Katta farqni far bildiradi; very qiyosiy shakl bilan ishlatilmaydi.

2. The second film was ___ as exciting as the first one. I almost fell asleep. far not / not nearly / much not

Javob: not nearly. «Unga yaqin ham emas» = not nearly as … as.

3. Samarkand was ___ the most interesting city on our trip. a lot / very / by far

Javob: by far. Orttirma darajani by far kuchaytiradi.

4. Our school has ___ more students this year than last year. many / much / very

Javob: many. Students sanaladigan ot, shuning uchun many more.

5. Prices went up only ___ — by about one per cent. slightly / considerably / a great deal

Javob: slightly. Bir foizlik farq kichik, shuning uchun slightly.

По-русски: Сложное сравнение: степень разницы

Чтобы точно сказать, насколько велика или мала разница между двумя вещами.

Раньше вы выучили сравнительные формы вроде bigger, more interesting. На уровне C1 важно точно сказать, насколько велика разница: The bus is much cheaper, The train is slightly faster, My phone is nowhere near as fast as yours.

Для большой разницы перед сравнительной степенью ставят much, far, a lot, a great deal, considerably, significantly (как «гораздо, намного, значительно»). Для маленькой — slightly, marginally, a little, a bit («чуть, немного»). Very со сравнительной степенью не употребляется: не «very bigger», а much bigger.

Конструкцию as … as тоже можно уточнять: just as / every bit as (точно так же, ничуть не меньше), almost / nearly as (почти), twice / three times as (в два, в три раза), not nearly / nowhere near / nothing like as (далеко не). Перед превосходной степенью ставят by far или easily: by far the best.

Эти средства особенно нужны в IELTS Writing Task 1 для описания графиков: significantly higher, slightly lower, twice as many.

Сравнение с русским и узбекским

В русском разницу тоже уточняют наречиями: «гораздо / намного / значительно лучше» = much / far / considerably better, «чуть / немного дешевле» = slightly / a bit cheaper. Сама идея знакома, но есть ловушки. «Далеко не такой хороший» нельзя переводить как «far not as good» — нужно nowhere near / not nearly as good. Из разговорных «более лучше» и «самый лучший» рождаются ошибки «more better» и «the most best». «В два раза больше» естественнее передать как twice as many / twice as big, чем «two times more».

Bogʻliq mavzular

Ingliz tilini Safiya bilan oʻrganing

Qisqa darslar, 12 ta oʻyin, hikoyalar va oʻzbek yoki rus tilida tushuntiradigan sunʼiy intellekt oʻqituvchisi — A1 dan IELTS gacha. Учите английский с Сафией — на узбекском или русском.

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