Kuchaytiruvchi va yumshatuvchi ravishlar

Sifatni kuchaytirish yoki yumshatish uchun: extremely cold, absolutely amazing, fairly easy. B2

Intensifikatorlar — sifatdan oldin keladigan ravishlar. Ular sifatning kuchini oʻzgartiradi: extremely cold (nihoyatda sovuq), fairly cold (ancha sovuq, lekin juda sovuq emas).

Muhim qoida: sifatlar ikki xil boʻladi. Oddiy (darajalanadigan) sifatlar — good, cold, tired, big — ular bilan very, extremely, really, so, fairly, pretty ishlatiladi: very tired. Kuchli (darajalanmaydigan) sifatlarning maʼnosida «juda» allaqachon bor: amazing (= very good), freezing (= very cold), exhausted (= very tired), huge. Ular bilan absolutely, completely, totally yoki really ishlatiladi: absolutely exhausted. «very exhausted» deyilmaydi.

Yumshatuvchilar: fairly — «ancha, yomon emas», pretty — xuddi shunday, lekin ogʻzaki nutqda. quite Britaniya inglizchasida oddiy sifat bilan «anchagina» maʼnosini beradi (quite good — yaxshi, lekin aʼlo emas), kuchli sifat bilan esa «butunlay» (quite amazing = absolutely amazing).

Shakllar

Oddiy sifatni kuchaytirish

very / extremely / really / incredibly + gradable adjective
(good, cold, tired, big, interesting)

The exam was extremely difficult.

Kuchli sifatlar bilan

absolutely / completely / totally / really + strong adjective
(amazing, freezing, exhausted, perfect, impossible)

The view from the mountain was absolutely amazing.

Yumshatish

fairly / pretty / quite / rather + gradable adjective

The film was fairly good, but a bit long.

Qachon ishlatiladi

Oddiy sifatni kuchaytirish: very, extremely, incredibly, really.

It's extremely hot in Tashkent in July. — Iyulda Toshkentda havo nihoyatda issiq boʻladi.
The new phone is incredibly fast. — Yangi telefon nihoyatda tez ishlaydi.

Kuchli sifatlar bilan: absolutely, completely, totally.

After the marathon I was absolutely exhausted. — Marafondan keyin butunlay holdan toydim.
Your answer is completely wrong. — Javobingiz butunlay notoʻgʻri.
The plov was absolutely delicious! — Osh juda-juda mazali boʻldi!

Yumshatish: fairly, pretty, rather — «ancha, yomon emas».

My English is fairly good, but I need more speaking practice. — Ingliz tilim ancha yaxshi, lekin koʻproq gapirish mashqi kerak.
The test was pretty easy. — Test ancha oson edi.
It's rather cold today — take a jacket. — Bugun havo ancha sovuq — kurtka olib ol.

quite ikki maʼnoli: oddiy sifat bilan «anchagina», kuchli sifat bilan «butunlay».

The film was quite good, but the book was better. — Film anchagina yaxshi edi, lekin kitob yaxshiroq edi.
You're quite right. — Mutlaqo haqsiz.

Oʻzbek tili bilan farqi

Oʻzbek tilidagi «juda» har qanday sifat bilan ishlatiladi: «juda ajoyib», «juda charchagan», «juda ulkan». Shuning uchun oʻquvchilar «very amazing», «very exhausted» deydi. Inglizchada kuchli sifatlar bilan absolutely yoki really kerak. «ancha» fairly / pretty / quite soʻzlariga yaqin, lekin «ancha katta» qiyosiy maʼnoda (much bigger) ham boʻladi — chalkashtirmang. Oʻzbekchada takror bilan kuchaytiramiz: «juda-juda», «katta-katta». Inglizchada «very, very» faqat norasmiy ogʻzaki nutqda uchraydi; yozma ishda uning oʻrniga extremely yoki incredibly ishlating.

Eslatmalar

really ikkala turdagi sifat bilan ishlatiladi: really good, really amazing. Ogʻzaki nutqda bu eng xavfsiz tanlov.
rather koʻpincha salbiy yoki kutilmagan maʼno beradi: rather expensive. fairly esa ijobiyroq eshitiladi: fairly cheap.
Soʻz tartibi: quite a + sifat + ot: It's quite a long way. Lekin a fairly / a very / a pretty long way. Amerika inglizchasida quite odatda «juda» degan maʼnoni beradi.
IELTS Speaking boʻlimida har doim very demasdan, extremely, incredibly, absolutely va kuchli sifatlarni (exhausted, fascinating) aralashtirish Lexical Resource bahosini oshiradi. Writing boʻlimida so va pretty soʻzlaridan qoching — ular norasmiy.

Keng tarqalgan xatolar

✗ The concert was very fantastic. ✓ The concert was absolutely fantastic.
fantastic — kuchli sifat, very bilan emas, absolutely yoki really bilan keladi.
✗ I'm absolutely tired. ✓ I'm extremely tired.
tired — oddiy sifat; absolutely faqat kuchli sifatlar bilan (absolutely exhausted).
✗ It's a quite big house. ✓ It's quite a big house.
quite artikldan oldin keladi: quite a + sifat + ot.
✗ The lesson was quiet interesting. ✓ The lesson was quite interesting.
quiet — «jim», quite — «ancha»; imlosi har xil.

Mini test

1. When we got home, we were ___ freezing. very / absolutely / fairly

Javob: absolutely. freezing — kuchli sifat, u bilan absolutely keladi.

2. The test was ___ difficult, so many students failed. extremely / absolutely / completely

Javob: extremely. difficult — oddiy sifat, uni extremely kuchaytiradi.

3. It's ___ long way to the airport. a quite / quite / quite a

Javob: quite a. Soʻz tartibi: quite a + sifat + ot.

4. The food was OK — ___ good, but not amazing. fairly / absolutely / totally

Javob: fairly. «Yomon emas, lekin aʼlo emas» — yumshatuvchi fairly.

5. This bag is ___ huge! How much did you pack? very / really / fairly

Javob: really. huge — kuchli sifat; very va fairly bilan kelmaydi, really bilan keladi.

По-русски: Усилительные наречия: extremely, absolutely, fairly, quite

Чтобы усилить или смягчить прилагательное: extremely cold, absolutely amazing, fairly easy.

Усилители — наречия, которые стоят перед прилагательным и меняют его силу: extremely cold (чрезвычайно холодно), fairly cold (довольно холодно, но не слишком).

Важное правило: прилагательные бывают двух видов. Обычные (градуируемые) — good, cold, tired, big — сочетаются с very, extremely, really, so, fairly, pretty: very tired. В сильных (неградуируемых) прилагательных «очень» уже заложено: amazing (= very good), freezing (= very cold), exhausted (= very tired), huge. С ними используют absolutely, completely, totally или really: absolutely exhausted. «very exhausted» не говорят.

Смягчители: fairly — «довольно, неплохо», pretty — то же, но разговорное. quite в британском английском с обычным прилагательным значит «довольно» (quite good — хорошо, но не отлично), а с сильным — «совершенно» (quite amazing = absolutely amazing).

Сравнение с русским и узбекским

Русское «очень» ставят почти перед любым прилагательным, поэтому ученики говорят «very exhausted», «very fantastic». В английском с сильными прилагательными нужно absolutely, completely или really. «Довольно» примерно = fairly / quite / rather, но в английском у них разный оттенок: fairly скорее позитивное, rather — с ноткой недовольства. «Совершенно, абсолютно» = absolutely / completely. И частая орфографическая путаница: quite [kwaɪt] «довольно» и quiet [ˈkwaɪət] «тихий» — это разные слова.

Bogʻliq mavzular

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