Zid bogʻlovchilar: although, however, but

Ikki qarama-qarshi yoki kutilmagan fikrni bogʻlaganda. B1

Bu soʻzlar qarama-qarshi yoki kutilmagan fikrni bogʻlaydi: «Yomgʻir yogʻayotgan edi, lekin biz futbol oʻynadik».

but — eng oddiy va eng koʻp ishlatiladigani; u ikki gap oʻrtasida turadi: It was raining, but we played football. although va even though (garchi… boʻlsa ham) gapning boshida yoki oʻrtasida keladi: Although it was raining, we played football. even though kuchliroq — kutilmaganlikni taʼkidlaydi.

however (biroq, ammo) odatda yangi gapni boshlaydi va undan keyin vergul qoʻyiladi: It was raining. However, we played football. U yozma va rasmiyroq nutqda koʻproq uchraydi.

Shakllar

but bilan

clause, but + clause

The phone is expensive, but it's very good.

although / even though bilan

Although / Even though + clause, + clause
clause + although / even though + clause

Although I was tired, I finished my homework.

however bilan

Clause. However, + clause.
Clause; however, + clause.

The test was difficult. However, most students passed.

Qachon ishlatiladi

but — kundalik nutqda, ikki gap oʻrtasida

I like football, but my brother prefers chess. — Men futbolni yaxshi koʻraman, lekin akam shaxmatni afzal koʻradi.
She's only fourteen, but she speaks three languages. — U atigi oʻn toʻrt yoshda, lekin uch tilda gapiradi.

although / even though — garchi… boʻlsa ham; boshida yoki oʻrtada

Although the bus was late, we got to school on time. — Avtobus kechikkan boʻlsa ham, maktabga oʻz vaqtida yetib bordik.
We went to the park even though it was cold. — Havo sovuq boʻlishiga qaramay, parkka bordik.
Even though he studied hard, he didn't pass the exam. — U qattiq tayyorlangan boʻlsa ham, imtihondan oʻta olmadi.

however — yangi gap boshida, vergul bilan; yozma nutqda

Plov is delicious. However, it isn't very healthy if you eat it every day. — Palov mazali. Biroq uni har kuni yesangiz, sogʻliqqa unchalik foydali emas.
Many students want to study abroad. However, it can be very expensive. — Koʻp talabalar chet elda oʻqishni xohlaydi. Ammo bu juda qimmat boʻlishi mumkin.

Oʻzbek tili bilan farqi

Oʻzbek tilida «lekin, ammo, biroq» bor (but, however) va «garchi… -sa ham», «-ga qaramay». Oʻzbekchada zid maʼno koʻpincha birinchi gap oxiridagi «-sa ham» qoʻshimchasi bilan beriladi, inglizchada esa although gap boshida turadi: Although it was cold… Ogʻzaki oʻzbek nutqida «Garchi charchagan boʻlsam ham, lekin…» deyish mumkin, ingliz tilida esa although va but hech qachon birga kelmaydi. «Biroq» gap boshida boʻlsa — However va vergul.

Eslatmalar

although va but bir gapda birga ishlatilmaydi: Although it was late, we went out. (Although…, but… — notoʻgʻri.)
Tinish belgilari: Although bilan boshlangan gapdan keyin vergul. however gap oʻrtasida ikki vergul orasida: The test, however, was easy.
though = although, lekin ogʻzaki. Gap oxirida u «baribir, ammo» degani: The film was long. It was good, though.
«although»dan keyin toʻliq gap keladi (ega + feʼl). Ot yoki -ing bilan despite / in spite of ishlatiladi: Despite the rain, we went out.

Keng tarqalgan xatolar

✗ Although it was raining, but we played football. ✓ Although it was raining, we played football.
although va but birga ishlatilmaydi.
✗ It was cold, however we went to the park. ✓ It was cold. However, we went to the park.
however yangi gapni boshlaydi va undan keyin vergul qoʻyiladi.
✗ Although the rain, we went out. ✓ Although it was raining, we went out.
«although»dan keyin toʻliq gap kerak; ot bilan despite ishlatiladi.
✗ Even I was tired, I did my homework. ✓ Even though I was tired, I did my homework.
«Garchi» maʼnosida even though kerak, faqat even emas.

Mini test

1. ___ I was tired, I helped my mum in the kitchen. But / However / Although

Javob: Although. Gap boshida ikki qismni bogʻlaydi — Although.

2. My phone is old. ___, it still works well. Although / However / Even though

Javob: However. Yangi gap boshida vergul bilan — However.

3. We went to the beach ___ it was cloudy. even though / however / despite

Javob: even though. Toʻliq gapdan oldin even though; «despite»dan keyin ot kerak.

4. Although the test was difficult, ___ passed it. but I / I / however I

Javob: I. although bilan but yoki however kerak emas.

5. ___ Kamol doesn't study much, he always gets good marks. Even though / But / However

Javob: Even though. Kutilmagan natija, gap boshida — Even though.

По-русски: Слова противопоставления: although, however, but

Когда соединяем две противоположные или неожиданные мысли.

Эти слова соединяют противоположные или неожиданные мысли: «Шёл дождь, но мы играли в футбол».

but — самое простое и частое; оно стоит между двумя частями: It was raining, but we played football. although и even though (хотя, несмотря на то что) стоят в начале или в середине предложения: Although it was raining, we played football. even though сильнее — подчёркивает неожиданность.

however (однако) обычно начинает новое предложение, и после него ставится запятая: It was raining. However, we played football. Оно чаще встречается в письменной и более официальной речи.

Сравнение с русским и узбекским

В русском есть «но, а, однако» и «хотя». В разговорной речи можно сказать «Хотя было холодно, но мы пошли гулять» — в английском although и but вместе не употребляются. «Однако» соответствует however, но в английском however обычно начинает новое предложение: It was cold. However, we went out. Соединить две части запятой с however (It was cold, however we went) — ошибка. «Несмотря на дождь» — despite the rain, а не although the rain.

Bogʻliq mavzular

Ingliz tilini Safiya bilan oʻrganing

Qisqa darslar, 12 ta oʻyin, hikoyalar va oʻzbek yoki rus tilida tushuntiradigan sunʼiy intellekt oʻqituvchisi — A1 dan IELTS gacha. Учите английский с Сафией — на узбекском или русском.

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