Safiya
Matnni bogʻlovchi soʻzlar (discourse markers)
Inshoda fikr qoʻshish, qarama-qarshi qoʻyish, natija va xulosani koʻrsatish uchun. C1
Discourse markers — oʻquvchiga matnning «xaritasini» koʻrsatadigan soʻz va iboralar: hozir yangi fikr qoʻshilyapti (moreover), qarama-qarshi fikr kelyapti (however, on the other hand), natija aytilyapti (consequently) yoki xulosa (in conclusion).
Ular koʻpincha gap boshida keladi va keyin vergul qoʻyiladi: However, not everyone agrees. Ular and, but, because kabi bogʻlovchi emas — ikki gapni bitta gapga birlashtirmaydi. Shuning uchun ikki gapni ular bilan ulaganda oldidan nuqta yoki nuqtali vergul kerak: The plan is cheap; however, it is slow.
Guruhlarni bilib oling: qoʻshish — moreover, furthermore, in addition; zidlik — however, nevertheless, on the other hand, in contrast; natija — therefore, consequently, as a result; misol — for instance, for example; xulosa — in conclusion, overall, to sum up.
Muhimi — miqdor emas, aniqlik. Har bir gapni marker bilan boshlash matnni mexanik qiladi. Ularni fikrlar orasidagi bogʻliqlik haqiqatan aniq boʻlganda ishlating.
Shakllar
Sentence 1. + Marker, + sentence 2.Public transport is cheap. Moreover, it reduces pollution.
Sentence 1; + marker, + sentence 2.The course is expensive; nevertheless, many students choose it.
subject, + marker, + verb …Some experts, however, disagree with this view.
On the one hand, … On the other hand, …On the one hand, phones help us learn. On the other hand, they distract us.
Qachon ishlatiladi
Fikr qoʻshish: moreover, furthermore, in addition (to)
- Cycling is good for your health. Furthermore, it saves money. — Velosipedda yurish sogʻliq uchun foydali. Bundan tashqari, pul tejaydi.
- In addition to being cheap, the metro is very fast. — Metro arzon boʻlishidan tashqari, juda tez ham.
Zidlik va tan olish: however, nevertheless, in contrast
- Online lessons are convenient. However, many students miss face-to-face contact. — Onlayn darslar qulay. Biroq koʻp oʻquvchilar jonli muloqotni sogʻinadi.
- The task was difficult. Nevertheless, the team finished it on time. — Vazifa qiyin edi. Shunga qaramay, jamoa uni oʻz vaqtida tugatdi.
Natija: therefore, consequently, as a result
- The city built new bike lanes. As a result, more people cycle to work. — Shahar yangi velosiped yoʻlaklari qurdi. Natijada koʻproq odam ishga velosipedda boradi.
- Fewer tourists came; consequently, many hotels lost money. — Turistlar kamroq keldi; natijada koʻp mehmonxonalar zarar koʻrdi.
Misol va xulosa: for instance, in conclusion
- Many traditional crafts, for instance Rishtan ceramics, attract tourists. — Koʻp anʼanaviy hunarlar, masalan, Rishton kulolchiligi, turistlarni jalb qiladi.
- In conclusion, the benefits of the plan outweigh its drawbacks. — Xulosa qilib aytganda, rejaning foydasi kamchiliklaridan koʻproq.
Oʻzbek tili bilan farqi
Oʻzbek tilida ham shunday soʻzlar bor: bundan tashqari (moreover), biroq (however), shunga qaramay (nevertheless), natijada (as a result), masalan (for example), xulosa qilib aytganda (in conclusion). Shuning uchun gʻoya tanish. Farqlar: 1) oʻzbekcha «biroq» vergul bilan gap ichida kela oladi («Reja arzon, biroq sekin»), inglizcha however esa bogʻlovchi emas — oldidan nuqta yoki «;» kerak; 2) «boshqa tomondan» — on the other hand, lekin faqat ikki tomonni solishtirishda; «aksincha» — on the contrary; 3) «oxirida» deb xulosa boshlansa, inglizchada at the end emas, in conclusion.
Eslatmalar
- On the other hand — ikki tomonni solishtirish uchun, koʻpincha on the one hand bilan. Oldingi fikrni rad etish uchun esa on the contrary: I'm not tired. On the contrary, I feel great.
- but gap ichida ikki qismni bogʻlaydi (…, but…), however esa yangi gap boshida yoki «;» belgisidan keyin keladi. Ikki gapni faqat vergul va however bilan ulash — xato (comma splice).
- Rasmiylik: besides, anyway, plus — ogʻzaki nutq uchun; moreover, furthermore, thus, hence — juda rasmiy. IELTS Writing uchun in addition, however, therefore, as a result — xavfsiz tanlov.
- IELTS Coherence and Cohesion mezonida markerlarni haddan tashqari koʻp va mexanik ishlatish ballni pasaytiradi. Ularni this, such, these problems kabi havola soʻzlar bilan almashtirib turing.
Keng tarqalgan xatolar
- ✗ The plan is cheap, however it is slow. ✓ The plan is cheap. However, it is slow.
however bogʻlovchi emas: oldidan nuqta yoki «;», keyin vergul qoʻyiladi. - ✗ I don't hate winter. On the other hand, I love it. ✓ I don't hate winter. On the contrary, I love it.
Oldingi fikrni rad etib, aksini aytish — on the contrary; on the other hand ikki tomonni solishtiradi. - ✗ At the end, I believe the advantages are greater. ✓ In conclusion, I believe the advantages are greater.
at the end — biror narsaning oxirida (at the end of the film); inshoda xulosa uchun in conclusion. - ✗ Although the plan is cheap, however, it is slow. ✓ Although the plan is cheap, it is slow.
although allaqachon zidlikni bildiradi; ikkinchi qismga however yoki but qoʻshilmaydi.
Mini test
1. The hotel was far from the centre. ___, the rooms were small and dirty. However / Moreover / Therefore
Javob: Moreover. Yana bir salbiy fikr qoʻshilyapti — moreover.
2. Heavy snow fell all night; ___, the schools were closed. consequently / nevertheless / for instance
Javob: consequently. Maktablar yopilgani — qorning natijasi: consequently.
3. I don't find maths boring. ___, it's my favourite subject. On the other hand / On the contrary / However
Javob: On the contrary. «Zerikarli» degan fikr rad etilib, aksi aytilyapti — on the contrary.
4. Which sentence is punctuated correctly? The test was hard, however I passed. / The test was hard however, I passed. / The test was hard; however, I passed.
Javob: The test was hard; however, I passed.. however soʻzidan oldin «;» yoki nuqta, keyin vergul.
5. ___, the advantages of living in a city outweigh the disadvantages. In conclusion / At the end / In the ending
Javob: In conclusion. Inshoning xulosasi in conclusion bilan boshlanadi.
По-русски: Связующие слова в эссе (дискурсивные маркеры)
Чтобы в эссе добавлять мысли, противопоставлять их, показывать следствие и делать вывод.
Discourse markers — слова и выражения, которые показывают читателю «карту» текста: сейчас добавляется новая мысль (moreover), идёт противопоставление (however, on the other hand), называется следствие (consequently) или вывод (in conclusion).
Чаще всего они стоят в начале предложения, а после них ставится запятая: However, not everyone agrees. Это не союзы, как and, but, because, — они не соединяют два предложения в одно. Поэтому, если они связывают два предложения, перед ними нужна точка или точка с запятой: The plan is cheap; however, it is slow.
Запомните группы: добавление — moreover, furthermore, in addition; противопоставление — however, nevertheless, on the other hand, in contrast; следствие — therefore, consequently, as a result; пример — for instance, for example; вывод — in conclusion, overall, to sum up.
Важно не количество, а точность. Если начинать маркером каждое предложение, текст звучит механично. Используйте их, когда связь между мыслями действительно ясна.
Сравнение с русским и узбекским
В русском много прямых соответствий: кроме того — moreover, однако — however, тем не менее — nevertheless, следовательно — consequently, в заключение — in conclusion. Отличия: 1) русское «однако» может стоять внутри предложения после запятой, английское however так два предложения не соединяет — нужна точка или «;»; 2) «с другой стороны» = on the other hand только при сравнении двух сторон, а «наоборот» — on the contrary; 3) «в конце концов» — это in the end (об итоге событий) или after all (в споре), а не in conclusion; 4) привычное «таким образом» в каждом абзаце по-английски звучит механично.
Bogʻliq mavzular
- Zidlik bogʻlovchilari: whereas, despite, nevertheless B2
- Sabab va natija bogʻlovchilari B1
- Zid bogʻlovchilar: although, however, but B1
- Ketma-ketlik soʻzlari A2
- Ehtiyotkor ifodalar (hedging) C1
Qisqa darslar, 12 ta oʻyin, hikoyalar va oʻzbek yoki rus tilida tushuntiradigan sunʼiy intellekt oʻqituvchisi — A1 dan IELTS gacha. Учите английский с Сафией — на узбекском или русском.