Safiya
Modal feʼllar: ilgʻor maʼnolar
Ishonch darajasini aniq koʻrsatish, oʻtmishdagi imkoniyat va taʼna haqida gapirish uchun. C1
Asosiy modal feʼllarni (can, may, must, should) bilasiz. C1 darajada ularning nozik maʼnolari va tayyor birikmalari muhim: ular ishonch darajasini aniq koʻrsatadi.
May / might / could well — «ehtimoli katta»: It may well rain later. Might / may as well — «boshqa yaxshiroq yoʻl yoʻq, shunday qilaqolaylik»: The bus has gone, so we might as well walk.
Be bound to / be sure to / be certain to — «aniq, albatta»: He's bound to be late — he always is. Be likely to — «ehtimoli bor», be liable to — «…ga moyil» (odatda yomon narsa haqida).
Could / might / would have + V3 — oʻtmishda mumkin boʻlgan, lekin boʻlmagan ish: We could have won. Might have taʼna uchun ham ishlatiladi: You might have told me! Shuningdek, should kutilgan natija uchun (It should arrive today), will esa taxmin uchun ishlatiladi (That'll be Aziz).
Shakllar
may / might / could + well + verb
may / might / could + well + have + past participleYou may well be right about the test.
might / may + as well + verbThere's nothing on TV, so we might as well go to bed.
be + bound / sure / certain / likely / liable + to + verbDon't lend him your charger — he's bound to lose it.
could / might / would + have + past participleYou could have hurt yourself!
Qachon ishlatiladi
May / might / could well — ehtimoli juda katta
- The final could well be the best match of the season. — Final mavsumning eng yaxshi oʻyini boʻlishi juda mumkin.
- He might well have forgotten about the meeting. — U uchrashuvni unutgan boʻlishi juda mumkin.
Might / may as well — boshqa yaxshiroq variant yoʻq
- We've missed the start of the film, so we may as well go home. — Filmning boshiga kechikdik, uyga ketaqolsak ham boʻladi.
- You might as well ask — the worst they can say is no. — Soʻrab koʻraqol, eng yomoni «yoʻq» deyishadi.
Be bound / sure / likely / liable to — ishonch darajasi
- It's sure to be crowded at the bazaar on Saturday. — Shanba kuni bozor, albatta, gavjum boʻladi.
- Prices are likely to rise next year. — Kelasi yili narxlar oshishi ehtimoli bor.
- This road is liable to flood in spring. — Bahorda bu yoʻlni suv bosish xavfi bor.
Could / might / would have + V3 — boʻlishi mumkin edi, lekin boʻlmadi; taʼna
- We could have won if we had trained harder. — Koʻproq mashq qilganimizda, yutishimiz mumkin edi.
- You might have told me you were coming! — Kelishingni aytsang boʻlardi-ku!
- I would have called, but my phone was dead. — Qoʻngʻiroq qilgan boʻlardim, lekin telefonim oʻchib qolgan edi.
Oʻzbek tili bilan farqi
Oʻzbek tilida ishonch darajasi koʻpincha alohida soʻzlar bilan beriladi: «balki», «ehtimol», «aniq», «albatta», «-sa kerak». Shuning uchun oʻquvchilar inglizchada ham faqat maybe ishlatib, may well, bound to kabi nozik maʼnolarni yoʻqotadi. «-sa ham boʻladi» (Piyoda ketsak ham boʻladi) — might as well iborasiga juda yaqin. Asosiy xato oʻtmishda: «yutishimiz mumkin edi» iborasini «We could win» deb tarjima qilishadi, lekin oʻtmishdagi amalga oshmagan imkoniyat uchun could have + V3 kerak: We could have won.
Eslatmalar
- Should kutilgan, mantiqiy natija uchun: The parcel should arrive tomorrow. Will hozirgi taxmin uchun: That'll be Aziz at the door — Bu Aziz boʻlsa kerak.
- Might as well va had better farqli: had better — ogohlantirish («… qilganing maʼqul, boʻlmasa yomon boʻladi»), might as well — «boshqa iloj yoʻq, mayli».
- Bound to va sure to — deyarli 100%, likely to va may well — ehtimoli yuqori, lekin aniq emas. Be bound to «majbur» degani emas, balki «aniq boʻladi» degani.
- IELTS Writing Task 2: «This may well lead to…», «… is likely to increase» fikrni ehtiyotkor va akademik qiladi. Bound to esa insho uchun biroz norasmiy va keskin — oʻrniga «will almost certainly» yozing.
Keng tarqalgan xatolar
- ✗ We could win the match yesterday, but we played badly. ✓ We could have won the match yesterday, but we played badly.
Oʻtmishdagi amalga oshmagan imkoniyat uchun could have + V3 kerak. - ✗ She is bound pass the exam. ✓ She is bound to pass the exam.
Bound soʻzidan keyin to + feʼl keladi. - ✗ The last bus has gone, so we might as well to walk. ✓ The last bus has gone, so we might as well walk.
Might as well iborasidan keyin feʼl to soʻzisiz keladi. - ✗ It may be well cold in the mountains. ✓ It may well be cold in the mountains.
Well modal feʼldan keyin, asosiy feʼldan oldin turadi.
Mini test
1. Take a jacket — it ___ get cold later. may be well / may well / may good
Javob: may well. «Ehtimoli katta» maʼnosi — may well + feʼl.
2. He loses everything, so he's ___ lose the tickets. bound to / bound / binding to
Javob: bound to. «Aniq shunday boʻladi» = be bound to + feʼl.
3. The café is closed, so we ___ go home. had as well / might well as / might as well
Javob: might as well. «Boshqa iloj yoʻq» = might as well + feʼl.
4. Why didn't you ask me yesterday? I ___ you with your homework. could help / could have helped / can have helped
Javob: could have helped. Oʻtmishda mumkin edi, lekin boʻlmadi — could have + V3.
5. The parcel left Tashkent on Monday, so it ___ arrive today. should / must have / might as well
Javob: should. Kutilgan, mantiqiy natija uchun should ishlatiladi.
По-русски: Модальные глаголы: сложные значения
Чтобы точно показать степень уверенности, говорить об упущенных возможностях и упрёках.
Основные модальные глаголы (can, may, must, should) вы знаете. На уровне C1 важны их тонкие значения и устойчивые сочетания: они точно показывают степень уверенности.
May / might / could well — «вполне может, очень вероятно»: It may well rain later. Might / may as well — «лучшего варианта нет, можно и…»: The bus has gone, so we might as well walk.
Be bound to / be sure to / be certain to — «наверняка, обязательно»: He's bound to be late — he always is. Be likely to — «вероятно», be liable to — «склонен к…» (обычно о плохом).
Could / might / would have + V3 — то, что было возможно в прошлом, но не случилось: We could have won. Might have выражает и упрёк: You might have told me! Кроме того, should говорит об ожидаемом (It should arrive today), а will — о предположении (That'll be Aziz).
Сравнение с русским и узбекским
В русском степень уверенности тоже часто передают вводными словами: «наверняка», «вполне возможно», «вряд ли». «Вполне может» = may well, «наверняка» = be bound to, «можно и…» = might as well. Главная ловушка — «мог бы». В русском «Ты мог бы сказать» относится и к настоящему, и к прошлому, а в английском для прошлого нужно could have + V3: You could have told me! Ещё одна ошибка — понимать be bound to как «обязан»: на самом деле это «наверняка, непременно».
Bogʻliq mavzular
- May, might, could: ehtimollik B1
- Oʻtmish haqida taxmin: must have, can't have, might have B2
- Should have / shouldn't have: afsus va tanqid B2
- Ehtiyotkor ifodalar (hedging) C1
- Maslahat: should, ought to, had better B1
Qisqa darslar, 12 ta oʻyin, hikoyalar va oʻzbek yoki rus tilida tushuntiradigan sunʼiy intellekt oʻqituvchisi — A1 dan IELTS gacha. Учите английский с Сафией — на узбекском или русском.