Must va have to: majburiyat

Biror ishni qilish shart ekanini yoki mumkin emasligini aytish uchun. A2

must va have to ikkalasi ham «kerak, shart, majburman» degan maʼnoni beradi: I must go. I have to go.

Farqi kichik: must — soʻzlovchining oʻz fikri, u oʻzi buni muhim deb biladi: I must call my grandma. have to — qoida yoki vaziyat majbur qiladi: I have to wear a uniform at school. Kundalik nutqda have to koʻproq ishlatiladi.

must hech oʻzgarmaydi va undan keyin «to» qoʻyilmaydi: She must go. have to esa oddiy feʼl kabi oʻzgaradi: she has to, I had to, Do you have to...?

Inkorda maʼno butunlay farq qiladi: mustn't = mumkin emas, taqiqlangan; don't have to = shart emas, xohlasang qilasan.

Shakllar

Tasdiq gap

subject + must + verb
I / you / we / they + have to + verb
he / she / it + has to + verb

We have to wear a uniform at school.

Inkor gap

mustn't + verb (= it is not allowed)
don't / doesn't have to + verb (= it is not necessary)

You mustn't use your phone in the exam, but you don't have to stay until the end.

Savol

Do / Does + subject + have to + verb?
Yes, I do. / No, I don't.

Does your sister have to work on Saturdays?

Oʻtgan zamon

had to + verb (must has no past form)

I had to get up at six yesterday.

Qachon ishlatiladi

must — soʻzlovchi oʻzi zarur deb hisoblaydi yoki qattiq maslahat beradi

I must study harder this year. — Bu yil yaxshiroq oʻqishim kerak.
You must try my mum's plov. It's the best! — Oyimning palovini albatta tatib koʻr. Eng zoʻri!

have to — qoidalar, jadval, vaziyat majbur qiladi

We have to be at school at eight. — Biz soat sakkizda maktabda boʻlishimiz kerak.
My dad has to work late on Fridays. — Dadam juma kunlari kechgacha ishlashga majbur.

mustn't — mumkin emas, taqiqlangan

You mustn't run near the pool. — Basseyn yonida yugurish mumkin emas.
Students mustn't use phones in class. — Oʻquvchilar darsda telefondan foydalanishi mumkin emas.

don't have to — shart emas, qilmasang ham boʻladi

It's Sunday, so I don't have to get up early. — Bugun yakshanba, shuning uchun erta turishim shart emas.
You don't have to pay. It's free. — Pul toʻlash shart emas. Bu bepul.

Oʻzbek tili bilan farqi

Oʻzbek tilida majburiyat «-ish kerak», «shart», «majburman» bilan aytiladi va must bilan have to orasidagi farq yoʻq — ikkalasi ham «borishim kerak». Inkorda esa oʻzbek tili ingliz tiliga juda oʻxshaydi: «mumkin emas» = mustn't, «shart emas» = don't have to. Xato «kerak emas» iborasidan chiqadi: u baʼzan «qilma» degan maʼnoni beradi, baʼzan «shart emas»ni, shuning uchun mustn't va don't have to chalkashadi. Soʻz tartibi ham farq qiladi: oʻzbekchada «kerak» gap oxirida, inglizchada must / have to feʼldan oldin turadi.

Eslatmalar

must hozirgi va kelasi zamon uchun ishlatiladi (I must go tomorrow), lekin oʻtgan zamon shakli yoʻq: oʻtgan zamonda had to deyiladi. Kelasi zamonda will have to ham ishlatiladi: I'll have to buy a new phone.
Savolda odatda Do I have to...? deyiladi. «Must I...?» juda rasmiy va kam ishlatiladi.
Britaniya nutqida have got to = have to: I've got to go now.
Yozma qoidalar va eʼlonlarda must koʻp uchraydi: Passengers must wear seat belts.

Keng tarqalgan xatolar

✗ You must to wear a helmet. ✓ You must wear a helmet.
«must»dan keyin to qoʻyilmaydi.
✗ She have to get up early. ✓ She has to get up early.
she bilan has to.
✗ Yesterday I must stay at home. ✓ Yesterday I had to stay at home.
«must»ning oʻtgan zamoni yoʻq, had to ishlatiladi.
✗ You mustn't bring food. We have a lot. ✓ You don't have to bring food. We have a lot.
Maʼno «shart emas», «mumkin emas» emas — don't have to.

Mini test

1. You ___ use your phone during the test. It's against the rules. don't have to / mustn't / must

Javob: mustn't. Qoida taqiqlaydi — mustn't.

2. Tomorrow is a holiday, so we ___ go to school. don't have to / mustn't / have to

Javob: don't have to. Bayramda maktabga borish shart emas — don't have to.

3. My brother ___ wear a uniform at work. have to / has to / must to

Javob: has to. My brother = he, shuning uchun has to.

4. Last week I ___ visit the doctor. must / have to / had to

Javob: had to. Oʻtgan zamon — had to.

5. ___ you have to do homework every day? Do / Must / Are

Javob: Do. have to bilan savol do / does orqali tuziladi.

По-русски: Must и have to: долженствование

Чтобы сказать, что что-то нужно сделать или что этого делать нельзя.

must и have to оба значат «надо, нужно, должен»: I must go. I have to go.

Разница небольшая: must — мнение самого говорящего, он сам считает это важным: I must call my grandma. have to — обязывают правила или обстоятельства: I have to wear a uniform at school. В разговоре have to встречается чаще.

must никогда не меняется, и после него не ставится «to»: She must go. А have to меняется как обычный глагол: she has to, I had to, Do you have to...?

В отрицании смысл совсем разный: mustn't = нельзя, запрещено; don't have to = не обязательно, можно не делать.

Сравнение с русским и узбекским

must примерно соответствует «должен, обязательно» (сам так считаю), а have to — «приходится, нужно» (так требуют обстоятельства). Главная ловушка — отрицание: «нельзя» = mustn't, а «не нужно, не обязательно» = don't have to. «You mustn't come» значит «тебе нельзя приходить», а не «можешь не приходить». Ещё по аналогии с «должен был» говорят «must was» или «I must yesterday» — правильно had to. И после must не нужно to, хотя в русском после «должен» стоит инфинитив.

Bogʻliq mavzular

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