Shaxssiz majhul tuzilmalar: It is said that…

Kim aytganini koʻrsatmasdan, odamlar umuman nima deyishi yoki oʻylashini xabar qilish uchun. C1

Baʼzan biz kim aytganini bilmaymiz yoki bu muhim emas: «deyishadi», «taxmin qilinadi», «maʼlumki». Bunday paytda ingliz tilida say, believe, think, know, expect, report, consider, estimate kabi feʼllarning majhul shakli ishlatiladi. Bu uslub yangiliklarda va ilmiy matnlarda juda koʻp uchraydi.

Birinchi tuzilma: It + is said / believed… + that + gap: It is believed that regular exercise improves memory.

Ikkinchi tuzilma (shaxsli): Ega + is said / believed… + to + feʼl: Samarkand is said to be one of the oldest cities in Central Asia. Bu yerda gapning egasi boshga chiqadi va to-infinitiv ishlatiladi.

Infinitivning shakli vaqtni koʻrsatadi: to + feʼl — bir vaqtda (He is said to live in London), to be + -ing — hozir davom etayotgan ish (He is said to be writing a book), to have + V3 — avvalroq boʻlgan ish (He is said to have lived in London as a child).

Shakllar

It … that bilan

It + is / was + said / believed / thought / expected + that + clause

It is thought that regular exercise improves memory.

Shaxsli tuzilma

Subject + is / are / was / were + said / believed / thought + to + verb

Samarkand is said to be one of the oldest cities in Central Asia.

Oldin yoki hozir davom etayotgan

Subject + is said / believed + to have + V3 (earlier action)
Subject + is said / believed + to be + -ing (action in progress)

The new stadium is reported to have cost millions of dollars.

Qachon ishlatiladi

Ilmiy va rasmiy matnlarda umumiy fikrni manbasiz berish

It is widely believed that reading improves vocabulary. — Kitob oʻqish soʻz boyligini oshiradi, degan fikr keng tarqalgan.
It has been estimated that more than half of the world's population uses social media. — Hisob-kitoblarga koʻra, dunyo aholisining yarmidan koʻpi ijtimoiy tarmoqlardan foydalanadi.

Odamlar yoki voqealar haqidagi aniq boʻlmagan xabarlar (yangiliklarda)

The singer is said to be working on a new album. — Aytishlaricha, qoʻshiqchi yangi albom ustida ishlayapti.
The footballer is believed to have signed a contract with a Spanish club. — Taxminlarga koʻra, futbolchi Ispaniya klubi bilan shartnoma imzolagan.

Hammaga maʼlum faktlar, ayniqsa tarix haqida (is known to)

Ulugh Beg is known to have built an observatory in Samarkand. — Ulugʻbek Samarqandda rasadxona qurdirgani maʼlum.
The Earth was once thought to be flat. — Bir paytlar Yer yassi deb hisoblangan.

Oʻzbek tili bilan farqi

Oʻzbek tilida bu maʼno «deyishadi», «aytishlaricha», «taxminlarga koʻra», «…ligi maʼlum» kabi soʻzlar bilan beriladi: «Samarqand juda qadimiy shahar, deyishadi». Maxsus grammatik tuzilma kerak emas. Ingliz tilida esa majhul nisbat ishlatiladi: It is said that… yoki Samarkand is said to be… Oʻzbek oʻquvchilar koʻpincha faqat «People say» iborasini ishlatishadi, ikki tuzilmani aralashtirishadi («Samarkand is said that…») va oʻtmish uchun to have + V3 shaklini unutishadi.

Eslatmalar

Ikki tuzilmani aralashtirmang: It is said that Samarkand is old yoki Samarkand is said to be old. «Samarkand is said that it is old» — xato.
There bilan ham ishlaydi: There is said to be a secret room in the old castle.
Hamma feʼllar ikkala tuzilmada ham ishlatilmaydi: say, believe, think, know, expect, consider, report — ikkalasida ham; suggest, agree, hope esa faqat It … that bilan: It was agreed that…
IELTS Writing: It is often argued that…, It is generally accepted that… fikrni xolis va ehtiyotkor ohangda beradi. Lekin oʻz fikringizni bildirishda I believe ham kerak — hamma narsani shaxssiz yozmang.

Keng tarqalgan xatolar

✗ Samarkand is said that it is very old. ✓ Samarkand is said to be very old.
Shaxsli tuzilmada that emas, to + feʼl keladi.
✗ He is believed to leave the country last year. ✓ He is believed to have left the country last year.
Oʻtmishdagi ish uchun to have + V3 kerak.
✗ It is said Samarkand to be very old. ✓ It is said that Samarkand is very old.
It is said iborasidan keyin toʻliq that-gap keladi.
✗ The singer is said to work on a new album now. ✓ The singer is said to be working on a new album now.
Hozir davom etayotgan ish uchun to be + -ing.

Mini test

1. It ___ that the new metro line will open next year. is expected / expects / is expecting

Javob: is expected. It + majhul feʼl + that: It is expected that.

2. The Registan is said ___ one of the most beautiful squares in the world. being / to be / that it is

Javob: to be. Shaxsli tuzilma: ega + is said + to + feʼl.

3. The footballer is believed ___ for a new club last week. to sign / signing / to have signed

Javob: to have signed. Last week — oldin boʻlgan ish, shuning uchun to have + V3.

4. ___ is thought that the problem started with a software update. There / It / This

Javob: It. Shaxssiz tuzilma doim It bilan boshlanadi.

5. The band is reported ___ on a new album at the moment. to be working / to have worked / to work

Javob: to be working. At the moment — hozir davom etayotgan ish: to be + -ing.

По-русски: Безличный пассив: It is said that…

Чтобы сообщить, что люди обычно говорят или думают, не называя источник.

Иногда мы не знаем, кто именно это сказал, или это неважно: «говорят», «считается», «известно». В таких случаях в английском используется пассив глаголов say, believe, think, know, expect, report, consider, estimate. Этот стиль очень распространён в новостях и научных текстах.

Первая конструкция: It + is said / believed… + that + придаточное: It is believed that regular exercise improves memory.

Вторая конструкция (личная): Подлежащее + is said / believed… + to + глагол: Samarkand is said to be one of the oldest cities in Central Asia. Здесь подлежащее выносится в начало, а дальше идёт инфинитив с to.

Форма инфинитива показывает время: to + глагол — одновременно (He is said to live in London), to be + -ing — действие в процессе (He is said to be writing a book), to have + V3 — действие раньше (He is said to have lived in London as a child).

Сравнение с русским и узбекским

В русском это «говорят, что…», «считается, что…», «как полагают», «известно, что…». «Считается, что…» = It is believed that… — прямая параллель. А вот личной конструкции (He is believed to have left) в русском нет, её передают вводным словом: «Он, как считается, уехал». Поэтому русскоязычные избегают её или путают: «He is said that he…». Ещё одна трудность — время инфинитива: для прошлого нужно to have + V3, а не to + глагол.

Bogʻliq mavzular

Ingliz tilini Safiya bilan oʻrganing

Qisqa darslar, 12 ta oʻyin, hikoyalar va oʻzbek yoki rus tilida tushuntiradigan sunʼiy intellekt oʻqituvchisi — A1 dan IELTS gacha. Учите английский с Сафией — на узбекском или русском.

Bepul boshlash Ilovani yuklab olish