Majhul nisbat: hozirgi va oʻtgan oddiy zamon

Ishni kim qilgani emas, ishning oʻzi yoki narsaga nima boʻlgani muhim boʻlganda. B1

Odatda gap ishni bajaruvchidan boshlanadi: Farmers grow cotton in Uzbekistan (aktiv). Majhul nisbatda (passive) esa diqqat ish bajarilgan narsaga qaratiladi: Cotton is grown in Uzbekistan — «Oʻzbekistonda paxta yetishtiriladi».

Passive ishni kim qilgani nomaʼlum, muhim emas yoki hammaga tushunarli boʻlganda ishlatiladi: My bike was stolen (kim oʻgʻirlagani nomaʼlum). Faktlar, jarayonlar va yangiliklarda juda koʻp uchraydi.

Tuzilishi: be + V3. Present Simple: am / is / are + V3 (English is spoken here). Past Simple: was / were + V3 (The school was built in 1995).

Kim qilganini aytish kerak boʻlsa, by ishlatiladi: «Oʻtkan kunlar» was written by Abdulla Qodiriy.

Shakllar

Hozirgi zamon: am / is / are + V3

am / is / are + V3
am not / isn't / aren't + V3
Am / Is / Are + subject + V3?

Plov is cooked in a big pot called a kazan.

Oʻtgan zamon: was / were + V3

was / were + V3
wasn't / weren't + V3
Was / Were + subject + V3?

The new sports centre was opened last year.

Bajaruvchi bilan: by

subject + be + V3 + by + doer

This photo was taken by my brother.

Qachon ishlatiladi

Kim qilgani nomaʼlum yoki muhim emas

My phone was stolen on the bus. — Avtobusda telefonimni oʻgʻirlab ketishdi.
The streets are cleaned every morning. — Koʻchalar har kuni ertalab tozalanadi.

Faktlar, jarayonlar va yangiliklar

Silk is made in Margilan. — Margʻilonda ipak ishlab chiqariladi.
Paper is made from wood. — Qogʻoz yogʻochdan tayyorlanadi.
Two new schools were opened in our city last month. — Oʻtgan oy shahrimizda ikkita yangi maktab ochildi.

Muallif yoki bajaruvchini by bilan aytish

The Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo da Vinci. — «Mona Liza»ni Leonardo da Vinchi chizgan.
These cakes were made by my mum. — Bu pishiriqlarni oyim tayyorlagan.

Oʻzbek tili bilan farqi

Oʻzbek tilida majhul nisbat feʼlga -il / -in qoʻshimchasi bilan yasaladi: qurdi → qurildi, yozadi → yoziladi. Inglizchada esa qoʻshimcha emas, alohida be feʼli kerak: built → was built. Shuning uchun oʻquvchilar koʻpincha «be»ni tushirib qoldiradi: «The school built in 1995» — xato, was built kerak. Yana: «tugʻildim» ham -il bilan yasalgan majhul shakl, inglizchada ham passive, faqat «be»ni unutmang: I was born («I born» emas).

Eslatmalar

Toʻldiruvchisiz feʼllardan passive yasalmaydi: happen, arrive, die, go, come. The accident happened, «was happened» emas.
«by»ni faqat bajaruvchi muhim boʻlsa qoʻshing. «My bag was stolen by someone» — by someone ortiqcha.
Notoʻgʻri feʼllarning V3 shaklini bilish kerak: write → written, build → built, speak → spoken, make → made.
«Tugʻilmoq» inglizchada doim passive: I was born in 2011. Where were you born?

Keng tarqalgan xatolar

✗ The school built in 1995. ✓ The school was built in 1995.
Passive be + V3 tuzilmasidan iborat, was tushib qolmasligi kerak.
✗ I born in Tashkent. ✓ I was born in Tashkent.
born doim be bilan keladi: was / were born.
✗ English is speak in many countries. ✓ English is spoken in many countries.
«be»dan keyin V3 kerak: speak → spoken.
✗ The accident was happened last night. ✓ The accident happened last night.
happen toʻldiruvchi olmaydi, passive boʻlmaydi.

Mini test

1. English ___ all over the world. speaks / is spoken / is speak

Javob: is spoken. Ingliz tili oʻzi gapirmaydi, uni gapirishadi — is + V3.

2. My bike ___ last week. was stolen / stole / is stolen

Javob: was stolen. Oʻtmish (last week) va passive — was + V3.

3. These photos were taken ___ my sister. from / by / with

Javob: by. Passive gapda bajaruvchi by bilan aytiladi.

4. Where ___ you born? did / are / were

Javob: were. born — passive, oʻtmish: were you born.

5. Paper ___ from wood. is made / makes / is making

Javob: is made. Qogʻozni tayyorlashadi, u oʻzi tayyorlamaydi — is made.

По-русски: Страдательный залог: Present и Past Simple

Когда важно само действие или то, что произошло с предметом, а не тот, кто это сделал.

Обычно предложение начинается с того, кто действует: Farmers grow cotton in Uzbekistan (активный залог). В страдательном залоге (passive) внимание переходит на предмет действия: Cotton is grown in Uzbekistan — «В Узбекистане выращивают хлопок».

Passive используют, когда исполнитель неизвестен, неважен или и так понятен: My bike was stolen (неизвестно, кто украл). Он очень часто встречается в фактах, описаниях процессов и новостях.

Форма: be + V3. Present Simple: am / is / are + V3 (English is spoken here). Past Simple: was / were + V3 (The school was built in 1995).

Если нужно назвать исполнителя, используют by: «Oʻtkan kunlar» («Минувшие дни») was written by Abdulla Qodiriy.

Сравнение с русским и узбекским

В русском страдательный смысл передаётся по-разному: «школа была построена», «хлопок выращивается», «здесь говорят по-английски». В английском одна схема: be + V3. Типичные ошибки: пропуск be («The school built in 1995»), перевод неопределённо-личных предложений через they там, где естественнее passive («Here they speak English» → English is spoken here), и «I born in 2011» вместо I was born in 2011.

Bogʻliq mavzular

Ingliz tilini Safiya bilan oʻrganing

Qisqa darslar, 12 ta oʻyin, hikoyalar va oʻzbek yoki rus tilida tushuntiradigan sunʼiy intellekt oʻqituvchisi — A1 dan IELTS gacha. Учите английский с Сафией — на узбекском или русском.

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