Safiya
Maqsad bildiruvchi bogʻlovchilar
Biror ishni nima maqsadda qilganingizni aytish uchun: in order to, so as to, so that. B2
Maqsadni aytishning eng oddiy yoʻli — to + feʼl: I went to the shop to buy bread. in order to va so as to ham xuddi shu maʼnoni beradi, lekin rasmiyroq eshitiladi va maqsadni aniqroq taʼkidlaydi: She left early in order to catch the train.
Inkor maqsad («...maslik uchun») uchun odatda in order not to yoki so as not to ishlatiladi: I wrote it down so as not to forget.
so that iborasidan keyin toʻliq gap keladi va unda koʻpincha can / could / will / would boʻladi. Bu ayniqsa ikki qismning egasi har xil boʻlganda kerak: I'll send you the address so that you can find us. Hozirgi va kelasi vaqt uchun can / will, oʻtmish uchun could / would ishlatiladi.
Shakllar
(in order / so as) + to + verbWe left early in order to avoid the traffic.
in order not to / so as not to + verbHe spoke quietly so as not to wake the baby.
so that + subject + can / will + verb (present, future)
so that + subject + could / would + verb (past)I gave her my number so that she could call me.
Qachon ishlatiladi
Ega bir xil boʻlsa — to, in order to yoki so as to + feʼl.
- I'm saving money in order to buy a new laptop. — Yangi noutbuk sotib olish uchun pul yigʻyapman.
- Students must register online so as to take the exam. — Imtihon topshirish uchun oʻquvchilar onlayn roʻyxatdan oʻtishi kerak.
Inkor maqsad — in order not to / so as not to.
- She set two alarms so as not to oversleep. — Uxlab qolmaslik uchun u ikkita budilnik qoʻydi.
- We took a taxi in order not to be late. — Kechikmaslik uchun taksiga oʻtirdik.
Ega har xil boʻlsa yoki modal feʼl kerak boʻlsa — so that + gap.
- Mum cooked extra plov so that the guests wouldn't go hungry. — Mehmonlar och qolmasligi uchun oyim koʻproq osh qildi.
- Put your phone away so that you can concentrate. — Diqqatingizni jamlay olishingiz uchun telefonni bir chetga qoʻying.
- I'm explaining it again so that everyone understands. — Hamma tushunishi uchun yana tushuntiryapman.
Oʻzbek tili bilan farqi
Oʻzbek tilida maqsad uchun bitta «uchun» yetarli: «sotib olish uchun», «kechikmaslik uchun», «mehmonlar och qolmasligi uchun». Shuning uchun oʻquvchilar «uchun»ni for deb tarjima qiladi: «for buy», «for not be late» — bu notoʻgʻri. Ega bir xil boʻlsa to / in order to + feʼl, inkor uchun so as not to keladi. Ega boshqa boʻlsa («mehmonlar ... qolmasligi uchun»), inglizchada alohida gap kerak: so that the guests wouldn't go hungry. Oʻzbekchada modal soʻz shart emas, inglizchada esa so that iborasidan keyin can / could / will / would qoʻyish odatiy.
Eslatmalar
- Maqsad uchun for + feʼl ishlatilmaydi: to buy (for buy emas). Lekin for + ot toʻgʻri: I went out for a walk. Narsaning vazifasi uchun for + -ing: A knife is used for cutting.
- so that — maqsad, oddiy so — natija: It was late, so we went home. Ogʻzaki nutqda maqsad maʼnosida ham that tushib qolishi mumkin: I left early so I could catch the bus.
- so as to asosan yozma va rasmiy, in order to esa ikkalasida ham keng tarqalgan. Gap boshida: In order to improve your English, read every day (iboradan keyin vergul).
- IELTS Writing Task 2 topshirigʻida yechim taklif qilganda juda foydali: Governments should invest in public transport in order to reduce traffic.
Keng tarqalgan xatolar
- ✗ I went to the market for buy fruit. ✓ I went to the market to buy fruit.
Maqsad for + feʼl bilan emas, to + feʼl bilan beriladi. - ✗ She studied hard for not failing the exam. ✓ She studied hard so as not to fail the exam.
Inkor maqsad — so as not to / in order not to + feʼl. - ✗ He gave me money in order to I could buy lunch. ✓ He gave me money so that I could buy lunch.
in order to iborasidan keyin faqat feʼl keladi; ega bilan gap uchun so that kerak. - ✗ I lent him my notes so that he can revise, and he passed. ✓ I lent him my notes so that he could revise, and he passed.
Vaziyat oʻtmishda — so that iborasidan keyin could.
Mini test
1. I wrote the date in my diary ___ forget it. so as not to / for not / so that not
Javob: so as not to. Inkor maqsad: so as not to + feʼl.
2. She spoke louder ___ everyone could hear her. in order to / so that / so as to
Javob: so that. Keyin yangi ega (everyone) va could keladi — so that kerak.
3. We went to the library ___ some books for our project. for get / so that get / in order to get
Javob: in order to get. Ega bir xil (we) — in order to + feʼl.
4. Dad turned off the TV so that we ___ do our homework in peace. can to / could / are able
Javob: could. Oʻtmishdagi vaziyat, so that iborasidan keyin could + feʼl («to»siz).
5. Many people learn English ___ improve their career opportunities. so that / for / in order to
Javob: in order to. Keyin feʼl (improve) keladi — in order to; for + feʼl boʻlmaydi.
По-русски: Выражение цели: in order to, so as to, so that
Чтобы сказать, с какой целью что-то делается: in order to, so as to, so that.
Самый простой способ выразить цель — to + глагол: I went to the shop to buy bread. in order to и so as to значат то же самое, но звучат официальнее и сильнее подчёркивают цель: She left early in order to catch the train.
Для отрицательной цели («чтобы не…») обычно используют in order not to или so as not to: I wrote it down so as not to forget.
После so that идёт полное придаточное, обычно с can / could / will / would. Это особенно нужно, когда у двух частей разные подлежащие: I'll send you the address so that you can find us. Для настоящего и будущего берут can / will, для прошлого — could / would.
Сравнение с русским и узбекским
Русское «чтобы» покрывает оба случая: «чтобы купить» (одно подлежащее, инфинитив) и «чтобы он купил» (другое подлежащее, форма на -л). В английском это разные конструкции: to / in order to + глагол и so that + придаточное с can / could / will / would. Форма «купил» после «чтобы» — не прошедшее время, поэтому для настоящего говорят so that you can find us, а не «so that you found». «Чтобы не» = so as not to / in order not to, а не «for not» или «to don't».
Bogʻliq mavzular
- Maqsadni bildiruvchi to + feʼl A2
- Sabab va natija bogʻlovchilari B1
- Zidlik bogʻlovchilari: whereas, despite, nevertheless B2
- So va such: shunchalik, shunday B1
Qisqa darslar, 12 ta oʻyin, hikoyalar va oʻzbek yoki rus tilida tushuntiradigan sunʼiy intellekt oʻqituvchisi — A1 dan IELTS gacha. Учите английский с Сафией — на узбекском или русском.