Safiya
Otlashtirish
Feʼl va sifatlarni otga aylantirib, rasmiy va ixcham akademik uslubda yozish uchun. C1
Nominalisation — harakat yoki belgini feʼl yoki sifat bilan emas, ot bilan ifodalash: The government decided… → The government's decision…; Prices increased rapidly → a rapid increase in prices. Endi gap jarayon haqida emas, «narsa» haqida gapiradi, shuning uchun u obyektiv va ilmiy eshitiladi.
Nima oʻzgaradi: feʼl → ot (develop → development, fail → failure, analyse → analysis), sifat → ot (important → importance, able → ability), ravish → sifat (rapidly → rapid), ega esa of-birikmaga yoki egalik shakliga (the city's growth) aylanadi: the city grew → the growth of the city.
Shundan keyin gapga yangi feʼl kerak boʻladi — koʻpincha sabab yoki natijani koʻrsatadigan: lead to, result in, cause, contribute to, be due to. Because unemployment rose, crime increased → The rise in unemployment led to an increase in crime.
Lekin meʼyorni biling: har bir gapni otlashtirsangiz, matn ogʻir va tushunarsiz boʻladi. Akademik yozuvda — ha, kundalik nutqda esa feʼllar tabiiyroq.
Shakllar
verb → noun
develop → development, fail → failure, decide → decisionThe development of new apps has changed the way we study.
adjective → noun
important → importance, difficult → difficulty, able → abilityThe importance of sleep is often underestimated.
subject + verb + adverb → adjective + noun + in / of + nounPrices rose sharply. → There was a sharp rise in prices.
noun phrase + lead to / result in / cause + noun phraseThe closure of the factory led to a rise in unemployment.
Qachon ishlatiladi
Obyektiv va rasmiy ohang: shaxs (we, they) yoʻqoladi, eʼtibor jarayonga qaratiladi
- Careful analysis of the results showed a clear pattern. — Natijalarni sinchiklab tahlil qilish aniq qonuniyatni koʻrsatdi.
- The introduction of school uniforms was widely discussed. — Maktab formasining joriy etilishi keng muhokama qilindi.
Bitta gapga koʻproq maʼlumot joylash
- The rapid growth of Tashkent has put pressure on public transport. — Toshkentning tez oʻsishi jamoat transportiga bosim tushirdi.
- A lack of sleep can lead to poor concentration. — Uyqu yetishmasligi diqqatning susayishiga olib kelishi mumkin.
Oldingi gapga ot bilan qaytib, fikrlarni bogʻlash (this + ot)
- Many families moved to the cities. This migration changed rural life. — Koʻp oilalar shaharlarga koʻchib ketdi. Bu koʻchish qishloq hayotini oʻzgartirdi.
- The number of tourists doubled. This increase brought new jobs. — Turistlar soni ikki baravar oshdi. Bu oʻsish yangi ish oʻrinlarini olib keldi.
IELTS Task 1: grafik va maʼlumotlarni tasvirlash
- There was a gradual decline in car sales between 2010 and 2020. — 2010–2020-yillar oraligʻida avtomobil savdosi asta-sekin kamaydi.
- The chart shows a significant increase in the use of mobile apps. — Diagrammada mobil ilovalardan foydalanish sezilarli darajada oshgani koʻrsatilgan.
Oʻzbek tili bilan farqi
Oʻzbek tilida ham otlashtirish bor va juda tabiiy: harakat nomi -ish / -sh (oʻsish, kamayish, rivojlanish) va -lik (zarurlik, foydalilik). Rasmiy matnlarda «…ning joriy etilishi», «…ni amalga oshirish» juda koʻp uchraydi, shuning uchun gʻoya tanish. Farqi: ingliz tilida har bir feʼlning oʻz ot shakli bor va uni yodlash kerak (decide → decision, fail → failure). Ikkinchidan, oʻzbekcha «-ning» oldinda turadi, inglizchada esa ot birinchi, keyin predlog keladi va u har doim of emas: «narxlarning oshishi» → the rise in prices.
Eslatmalar
- Ravish sifatga aylanadi: increased dramatically → a dramatic increase. Predloglarga eʼtibor bering: an increase in prices, the cause of, a solution to, the effect on, a demand for.
- Baʼzi feʼl va otlar bir xil yoziladi: increase, decrease, rise, fall, change, decline. Lekin urgʻu oʻzgarishi mumkin: to inCREASE — an INcrease.
- IELTS Writing uchun otlashtirish Grammatical Range and Accuracy va Lexical Resource mezonlari boʻyicha ballni oshirishga yordam beradi. Ammo bitta gapda 3–4 ta mavhum ot ketma-ket kelsa, oʻqish qiyinlashadi — muvozanat saqlang.
- IELTS Speaking boʻlimida feʼllar tabiiyroq: Prices went up a lot. There was a significant increase in prices esa yozuvga mos.
Keng tarqalgan xatolar
- ✗ There was a sharply increase in prices. ✓ There was a sharp increase in prices.
Ot oldidan ravish emas, sifat keladi. - ✗ The increase of prices worried many families. ✓ The increase in prices worried many families.
increase / rise / fall soʻzlaridan keyin oʻzgargan narsa in bilan keladi; of — faqat miqdor uchun: an increase of 10%. - ✗ The government's decide to build a new metro line was popular. ✓ The government's decision to build a new metro line was popular.
Bu yerda feʼl emas, ot shakli kerak: decide → decision. - ✗ The solution of this problem is not easy. ✓ The solution to this problem is not easy.
solution, answer, key, approach otlaridan keyin to keladi.
Mini test
1. There has been a ___ decline in the number of cinemas. steady / steadily / steadiness
Javob: steady. decline — ot, uning oldida sifat keladi: steady.
2. The ___ of the new bridge took three years. construct / constructed / construction
Javob: construction. the … of oraligʻida ot kerak: construction.
3. A lack of exercise can ___ serious health problems. lead to / result / cause to
Javob: lead to. Natijani bildirish uchun lead to + ot; result soʻzidan keyin in kerak, cause soʻzidan keyin to qoʻyilmaydi.
4. Scientists are still looking for a solution ___ this problem. of / to / at
Javob: to. a solution to — turgʻun birikma.
5. Which is the nominalised version of 'Prices rose because demand grew'? Prices rose because demand was growing. / Because of demand grew, prices rose. / The growth in demand led to a rise in prices.
Javob: The growth in demand led to a rise in prices.. Ikkala feʼl ham otga aylangan (growth, rise) va lead to bilan bogʻlangan.
По-русски: Номинализация
Чтобы писать формально и сжато: глаголы и прилагательные превращаются в существительные.
Nominalisation — выражение действия или признака не глаголом или прилагательным, а существительным: The government decided… → The government's decision…; Prices increased rapidly → a rapid increase in prices. Теперь предложение говорит не о процессе, а о «предмете», поэтому звучит объективно и научно.
Что меняется: глагол → существительное (develop → development, fail → failure, analyse → analysis), прилагательное → существительное (important → importance, able → ability), наречие → прилагательное (rapidly → rapid), а подлежащее превращается в of-группу или притяжательную форму (the city's growth): the city grew → the growth of the city.
После этого предложению нужен новый глагол — обычно он показывает причину или результат: lead to, result in, cause, contribute to, be due to. Because unemployment rose, crime increased → The rise in unemployment led to an increase in crime.
Но знайте меру: если номинализировать каждое предложение, текст станет тяжёлым и непонятным. В академическом письме — да, в повседневной речи глаголы звучат естественнее.
Сравнение с русским и узбекским
В русском номинализация — обычное дело, особенно в официальном стиле: «рост цен», «принятие решения», «осуществление контроля». Поэтому сам приём знаком. Отличия: 1) русский родительный падеж в английском передаётся предлогом, и не всегда of: a rise in prices, a solution to the problem, the impact on health; 2) цепочки существительных в стиле канцелярита («обеспечение повышения качества») по-английски звучат тяжело — лучше одна-две номинализации на предложение; 3) нужен глагол результата: lead to, result in.
Bogʻliq mavzular
- Soʻz yasalishi: prefiks va suffikslar B2
- Ot vazifasidagi ergash gaplar C1
- Shaxssiz majhul tuzilmalar: It is said that… C1
- Ehtiyotkor ifodalar (hedging) C1
- Matnni bogʻlovchi soʻzlar (discourse markers) C1
Qisqa darslar, 12 ta oʻyin, hikoyalar va oʻzbek yoki rus tilida tushuntiradigan sunʼiy intellekt oʻqituvchisi — A1 dan IELTS gacha. Учите английский с Сафией — на узбекском или русском.