Predlogli nisbiy gaplar

Predlog bilan ishlatiladigan feʼlni nisbiy gapga qoʻyish uchun: the friend I talked to / the friend to whom I talked. B2

Koʻp inglizcha feʼllar predlog bilan ishlatiladi: talk to, depend on, look for. Bunday feʼl nisbiy gapga tushganda predlogni ikki joyga qoʻyish mumkin.

Ogʻzaki va oddiy nutqda predlog gap oxirida qoladi: the girl (who/that) I talked to, the town (which/that) she comes from. Bu yerda who, which, that odatda tushirib qoldiriladi.

Rasmiy uslubda predlog nisbiy olmoshdan oldin keladi: the girl to whom I talked, the town from which she comes. Predlogdan keyin faqat whom (odamlar uchun) va which (narsalar uchun) ishlatiladi — who ham, that ham emas. Egalik uchun whose ham boʻladi: the family with whose son I study.

Miqdor iboralari ham shunday tuziladi: two brothers, both of whom live in Tashkent; ten books, most of which I have read.

Shakllar

Norasmiy: predlog oxirida

noun + (who / which / that) + subject + verb + preposition

This is the friend I told you about.

Rasmiy: predlog oldinda

noun + preposition + whom (people)
noun + preposition + which (things)

The person to whom you should write is the head teacher.

Miqdor + of whom / of which

noun, + some / many / most / all / both / none + of whom / of which + verb

I have three cousins, all of whom study in Samarkand.

Qachon ishlatiladi

Kundalik nutqda predlog gap oxirida qoladi, olmosh esa koʻpincha tushib qoladi.

Is this the song you were talking about? — Sen gapirgan qoʻshiq shumi?
The flat we live in is near the metro. — Biz yashaydigan kvartira metroga yaqin.

Rasmiy yozuvda predlog + whom / which ishlatiladi.

The teacher to whom I sent my essay replied the next day. — Men inshomni yuborgan oʻqituvchi ertasi kuni javob berdi.
The conditions under which the students worked were difficult. — Talabalar ishlagan sharoit ogʻir edi.

Miqdor soʻzi + of whom / of which — vergul bilan qoʻshimcha maʼlumot beradi.

The school has 900 pupils, most of whom live nearby. — Maktabda 900 ta oʻquvchi bor, ularning koʻpchiligi yaqin atrofda yashaydi.
She gave me two books, neither of which I have read yet. — U menga ikkita kitob berdi, ularning hech birini hali oʻqiganim yoʻq.

Joy va vaqt uchun in which / on which = where / when.

2020 was the year in which we moved to Tashkent. — 2020-yil biz Toshkentga koʻchib kelgan yil edi.
This is the house in which my father grew up. — Bu dadam oʻsgan uy.

Oʻzbek tili bilan farqi

Oʻzbek tilida aniqlovchi qism otdan oldin, sifatdosh bilan keladi: «men gaplashgan qiz», «biz yashaydigan uy». Bunda «bilan», «-da» kabi qoʻshimcha va koʻmakchilar koʻpincha tushib qoladi, olmosh ham kerak emas. Ingliz tilida esa feʼlning predlogi albatta saqlanadi: the girl I talked to, the house we live in. Shuning uchun oʻzbek oʻquvchilari predlogni tashlab ketadi: «the house we live». Qoida: feʼl predlog bilan ishlatilsa, nisbiy gapda ham predlog boʻlishi shart — oxirida yoki whom / which soʻzlaridan oldin.

Eslatmalar

Predlogdan keyin who yoki that kelmaydi: the girl with whom I spoke (with who emas). Ogʻzaki nutqda whom soʻzidan qochish uchun predlogni oxiriga qoʻyishadi: the girl I spoke with.
Frazal feʼllarning qismi joyidan siljimaydi: the baby I looked after (the baby after whom I looked emas), the habit I gave up.
Predlog gapda faqat bir marta keladi: the topic about which we talked (oxirida yana about qoʻshilmaydi).
IELTS Writing uchun: the extent to which, the way in which, the rate at which kabi iboralar matnni akademik qiladi: The rate at which prices rose was alarming.

Keng tarqalgan xatolar

✗ This is the house I was born. ✓ This is the house I was born in.
born in a place — predlog nisbiy gapda ham kerak (yoki where I was born).
✗ The man with who I work is from Bukhara. ✓ The man with whom I work is from Bukhara.
Predlogdan keyin odam uchun faqat whom ishlatiladi.
✗ The topic about which we talked about was difficult. ✓ The topic about which we talked was difficult.
Predlog oldinga chiqqan boʻlsa, oxirida takrorlanmaydi.
✗ I have two sisters, both of them are doctors. ✓ I have two sisters, both of whom are doctors.
Ikki gapni vergul bilan bogʻlash uchun of them emas, of whom kerak.

Mini test

1. The friend ___ I went to the cinema was late. with who / with whom / whom

Javob: with whom. go with someone — predlog kerak, undan keyin esa whom keladi.

2. Is this the bag you were looking ___? for it / it / for

Javob: for. look for + predlog oxirida qoladi; it qoʻshilmaydi, chunki bag allaqachon aytilgan.

3. He has three brothers, ___ play football. all of them / all of whom / all of which

Javob: all of whom. Odamlar haqida va vergul bilan bogʻlanganda — all of whom.

4. The speed ___ technology changes is amazing. at which / in that / which

Javob: at which. at a speed — predlog + which: the speed at which.

5. The village ___ my grandparents live is near Samarkand. in that / which / in which

Javob: in which. live in a village — predlogdan keyin that emas, which keladi.

По-русски: Относительные придаточные с предлогами

Чтобы поставить глагол с предлогом в относительное придаточное: the friend I talked to / the friend to whom I talked.

Многие английские глаголы употребляются с предлогом: talk to, depend on, look for. Когда такой глагол попадает в относительное придаточное, предлог можно поставить в два места.

В разговорной речи предлог остаётся в конце: the girl (who/that) I talked to, the town (which/that) she comes from. Местоимение who, which, that здесь обычно опускают.

В официальном стиле предлог ставят перед местоимением: the girl to whom I talked, the town from which she comes. После предлога возможны только whom (о людях) и which (о предметах) — ни who, ни that. Для принадлежности бывает и whose: the family with whose son I study.

Так же строятся выражения количества: two brothers, both of whom live in Tashkent; ten books, most of which I have read.

Сравнение с русским и узбекским

В русском предлог всегда стоит перед «который»: «девушка, с которой я говорил». Поэтому русскоязычные ученики во всех ситуациях строят формальный вариант и ошибаются в местоимении: «with who» (после предлога нужно whom) или «with which» о человеке. В разговорном английском естественнее оставить предлог в конце: the girl I talked to — непривычно для русского уха, но совершенно нормально. И ещё: предлог берётся из английского глагола, а не из русского: «ждать автобус» без предлога, но the bus I was waiting for.

Bogʻliq mavzular

Ingliz tilini Safiya bilan oʻrganing

Qisqa darslar, 12 ta oʻyin, hikoyalar va oʻzbek yoki rus tilida tushuntiradigan sunʼiy intellekt oʻqituvchisi — A1 dan IELTS gacha. Учите английский с Сафией — на узбекском или русском.

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